Comparison of sheep and goat colostrum fatty acids contents

The quality and content of colostrum is a very important factor for the health of the offspring. Colostrum is the first food that ensures the growth and development of offspring and their immunity against diseases. Colostrum composition is affected by many factors such as calving season, number of lactations, length of dry period, maternal diseases, age and breed. The animal material of the research consisted of Awassi sheep and Saanen goats raised in Adana province, where Mediterranean conditions prevail, and these animals were kept in semi-intensive conditions. In the study, fatty acids of sheep and goat colostrums were determined by gas chromatography device. As a result of the analysis, 26 fatty acids were detected in Awasi sheep and 27 fatty acids in Saanen goats. Erucic acid was not detected in Awasi sheep colostrum. The colostrum fatty acids with the highest percentage in both breeds wre oleic acid (Awassi sheep: 36.32%, Saanen goat: 25.68%) and palmitic acid (Awassi sheep: 28.15%, Saanen goat: 29.20%) was determined as. ∑SFA rates were found to be higher in Saanen goat colostrum, and ∑MUFA and ∑PUFA rates were found to be higher in Awassi sheep

Analysis of cow sweat volatile chemical compounds in gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) device and their importance in heat detection

Detection of estrus is very important for the profitability of dairy cattle. Because one of the main goals of cattle breeding is for each cow to give birth to a healthy calf a year. The correct determination of the artificial insemination time to be applied to the animals by the enterprise is related to the correct determination of the animal’s estrus period. Knowing the signs of estrus that are specific to the estrus period of animals is very important in early and accurate detection of estrus. There are many methods for detecting estrus. One of the alternative methods to the methods developed to detect the estrus period in animals is the detection of volatile chemical compounds (pheromones) secreted in animal sweat only during the estrus period. This study will focus on the analysis of volatile chemical compounds in animal sweat using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) device and their importance in detecting estrus

Milk composition characteristics of domestic yellow breed cows in the village herd

Turkiye is considered one of the most important gene centers in the world. Archaeological evidence and studies conducted to date show that cattle, sheep and goats were domesticated in Anatolia and its immediate surroundings. Since a detailed census based on the breeds and their characteristics of these species cannot be made today, no precise information can be obtained about the current status of the breeds. The skin color of the local yellow cows raised in the region was used, ranging from almost black brown and dirty yellow to red and cinnamon. It has been determined that they are small-bodied and have short horns. The rump is higher than the withers, and the back line is also seen to be straight. Horn color is dark black. The area around the eyes, sides of the face, neck, shoulder blades and shaped tip are darker. The tip of the nose is dark to black, and around the nose and mouth there is a slightly lighter-colored, sometimes off-white ring depending on the areas. The inner sides of the sections are light colored. Nail color is dark gray or black, close to black. The average dry matter of domestic yellow breed cattle was determined as 11.67, SNF 9.64, fat 2.15 and protein 3.53. However, it is understood that there is a significant deviation in the minimum and maximum values

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated From Cow, Goat, Donkey, Buffalo, Sheep, Camel and Human Milk

Breast milk is a very important factor in regulating gastrointestinal function, improving the immune system and preventing acute illnesses (e.g. acute otitis media), especially during breastfeeding. Breast milk allows beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacillus species to colonise the newborn intestin*e instead of potential enteropathogenic bacteria such as streptococci and escherichia coli. The aim of the study was to compare the antibiotic resistance of Lactic acid bacteria members isolated from different milk samples. Six milk samples were collected from each of seven different milk sources (donkey, goat, cow, buffalo, sheep, camel and human). The MRS and M-17 medium were used with the double layer sandwich method for isolation of LAB members selected from typic colonies, gram-positive, catalase-negative used in the study. The isolated 42 LAB species were determined antibiotic susceptibility with 9 standart antibiotic discs such as tetracycline, penicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin, rifampin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, teicoplanin, ciprofloxacin by agar disc diffusion assay test. The 18 LAB isolate were resistant to penicillin, 16 isolate to kanamycin, 14 isolate to gentamicin. LAB isolates such as H1, H4, H5 from Human milk and LAB isolate such as D1 from donkey milk was considered as MDR isolates because they were resistant to at least four of the tested drugs. Among the milks, sheep, camel, buffalo and goat milks were found to be more sensitive to antibiotics on average in the group

Investigation of body secretions bio-indicators in cattle estrus detection.

TEZ12634Tez (Doktora) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2019.Kaynakça (s. 215-228 ) var.XXI, 229 s. :_res. (bzs. rnk.), tablo ;_29 cm.Bu çalışma hayvanlarda kızgınlığı tespit etmek için uygulanan diğer metotlara alternatif oluşturacak bir yöntem olan uçucu kimyasal bileşikleri (feromonlar) vücut sıvılarında tespit etmek için yürütülmüştür. Mevcut çalışmanın hayvan materyalini benzer yaş ve laktasyondaki Siyah Alaca inekler oluşturmuştur. Çalışmada inekler senkronize edilerek kızgınlık öncesi, kızgınlık ve kızgınlık sonrası dönemde ter, idrar, dışkı, süt, tükürük, vajinal salgı ve kan örnekleri alınmış ve bu sıvılardaki uçucu koku bileşiklerinin tespiti Gaz Kromatografisi Kütle Spektrometrisi cihazında analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonunda her üç dönemde de benzer ve farklı bileşikler tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında kan, dışkı, tükürük, idrar, süt, ter ve vajinal sıvılarda kızgınlık öncesi dönemde toplam 531, kızgınlık döneminde 538 ve kızgınlık sonrası dönemde ise toplam 494 uçucu bileşik tespit edilmiştir. Kızgınlık döneminde en fazla uçucu bileşiğin en fazla tükürükte(85) daha sonra vajinal akıntıda (82) ve kanda (80), en az bileşiğin ise 69 ile sütte olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kızgınlık döneminde tüm vücut sıvılarında ortak olarak toplam 8 bileşik tespit edilmiş ve bu bileşiklerin tüm vücut sıvılarında tespit edilen bileşiklere oranı % 2,6 olarak bulunmuştur. Özellikle kızgınlık döneminde tüm vücut sıvılarında 3-methyl pentane, hekzanal, 4-methylphenol (pcresol), phenylacetaldehyde, 3-phenylpropiononitrile, 1H-indole, cyclotetrasiloxane octamethyl- ve pentane 2-methyl bileşikleri tespit edilmiş ve bu koku bileşiklerinin kızgınlığı belirlemede kullanılabilecek alternatif bir yöntem olabileceği belirlenmiştir.This study was conducted to detect volatile chemical compounds (pheromones) in cow body fluids, which is an alternative to other methods for detecting estrus in animals. Animal material of the present study consisted of Holstein cows with similar age and lactation stage. In the study, cows were synchronized and their sweat, urine, feaces, milk, saliva, vaginal secretions and blood samples were taken pre-estrus, estrus and post-estrus and analyzed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for determination of volatile odor compounds in these liquids. The results of the study showed that similar and different compounds were detected in all three periods. Within the study of this study, a total of 531 volatile compounds were detected in the preestrus period, 538 in the estrus period, and 494 in the postestrus period in blood, feces, saliva, urine, milk, sweat and vaginal fluids. It was determined that the most volatile compound was in the saliva (85), then in the vaginal discharge (82) and blood (80), and the least compound was in milk (69). A total of 8 compounds were found to be common in all body fluids and the ratio of these compounds to those detected in all body fluids was 2.6%.Especially in the estrus, 3-methyl pentane, hexanal, 4-methylphenol (p-cresol), phenylacetaldehyde, 3-phenylpropiononitrile, 1Hindole, cyclotetrasiloxane octamethyl- and pentane 2-methyl compounds were detected in all body fluids and these odor compounds could be an alternative method for determining estrus.Bu Çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi Tarafından Desteklenmiştir. Proje no: FDK-2018-10400

Odor Problems of Milk in Dairy Farms, Evaluation and Prevention Methods

It has a very important role that the sensory characteristics of the milk flavor are to be preferred by the consumer. The typical milk flavor is the result of the delicate balance of a large number of compounds present at very low concentrations. Milk tastes depend on the relationship between the animal and its enviroment as a result of the metabolism of the animal in the body. For this reason, variations in the smell and taste of milk should be expected. In the formation of the flavor of the milk, there is a significant share of the balance between milk sugar (lactose), milk fat and mineral substances. The flavors of milk products consist of very large amounts of alcohol, aldehyde, dicarbonyl, short chain fatty acids, methyl, ketone, lactose and phenolic compounds and sulfur compounds. The main causes of taste and odor changes in raw milk quality are changes in milk milk enzyme activity, microorganisms or somatic cells lipolysis, proteolysis result of the environment or metabolic activity resulting in the digestive system and milk passing substances In this study, we will focus on different milk smell problems produced in dairy farms and prevention ways will summarized.Sütün duyusal özellikleri tüketici tercihinde çok önemli role sahiptir. Tipik süt lezzeti ise çok düşük konsantrasyonlarda bulunan çok sayıda bileşiğin hassas dengesi sonucu oluşmaktadır. Süt tadı, hayvanın vücudunda meydana gelen bir takım metabolizma sonucuna ve hayvan ile çevresi arasındaki ilişkilere bağlıdır. Bu nedenle süt koku ve tadında varyasyonlar gözlenebilir. Sütün tadının oluşumunda özellikle süt şekerinin (laktoz), süt yağının ve mineral maddeler arasındaki dengenin önemli bir payı bulunmaktadır. Süt ürünlerinin aromaları çok büyük miktarda alkol, aldehit, dikarbonil, kısa zincirli yağ asitleri, metil, keton, laktoz ve fenolik bileşikler ile sülfür bileşiklerinden oluşmaktadır. Çiğ süt kalitesindeki tat ve koku değişimlerinin başlıca nedenleri sütte enzim aktivitesine bağlı değişimler, mikroorganizmalar veya somatik hücreler ile lipoliz, proteoliz sonucu meydana gelen, ortamdan veya metabolik aktivite sonucu sindirim sisteminde oluşan ve süte geçen maddelerdir. Bu çalışmada işletme koşullarında üretilen sütte koku problemleri ve önleme yolları üzerinde durulacaktır

HAYVANCILIKİŞLETMELERİNDEÇALIŞANLARIN HAYVANLARLA DİREKT TEMAS KAYNAKLI YARALANMA NEDENLERİ VE ALINABİLECEK ÖNLEMLER

The share of the agricultural sector in the market in 2017. 5 million 464 thousand people design, 45.2% of women. Agriculture; It is indispensable for the national economy in addition to the fact that the sector in which the risk asset is most intensely felt is of particular importance due to the possible reason. Accident reports suggest that agricultural machinery, tractors (18%) and animals (17%) often cause accidents. In cattle-related accidents, deaths are related to the aggressive behavior of the animal. However, there are other factors that are readily available to this problem. It takes the risk of functioning very much before it is done daily in livestock. Enumeration of newborn calves may be feeding, horn blinding, nail cutting, milking and taking animals from place to place. Farmers, veterinarians, butchers, zoos and circuses are at greater risk. The greatest risk management for these risks is people, professionals, or livestock workers with livelihoods. However, detailed information about accidents in areas where the workers in the livestock industry are in direct contact with animals. Direct contact with the animals in the livestock industry, working in a place where the causes and can be taken. In this study, this planning is planned, and it is aimed to compile planning by using face - to - face questionnaire and on - site observation method.Tarım sektörünün istihdamdaki payı ise 2017 yılında yüzde 19,4 olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Sektörde aynı yılda 5 milyon 464 bin kişi çalışırken, %45,2’sini kadınlar oluşturmaktadır. Tarım; risk varlığının en yoğun hissedildiği sektör olması sebebi ile ayrı bir önem arz etmesine ek olarak ülke ekonomisi için de vazgeçilmezdir. Kaza raporlarına göre, tarım makineleri, traktörler (%18) ve hayvanlar (%17) sık kazalara neden olmaktadır.Sığırlara bağlı kazalarda, ölümlerin hayvanın saldırgan davranışlarıyla ilgili olduğu gösterilmiştir. Ancak bu soruna katkıda bulunan diğer faktörler de söz konusudur.Hayvancılıkta günlük olarak yapılması gereken pek çok iş yaralanma riskini içermektedir. Yenidoğan buzağıların numaralanması, yemleme, boynuz köreltme, tırnak kesimi, sağım ve hayvanların bir yerden bir yere götürülmesi gibi işlemler yaralanmaların sıklıkla yaşandığı uygulamalardır. Çiftçiler, veteriner hekimler, kasaplar, hayvanat bahçeleri ve sirklerde çalışanlar bu açıdan büyük risk altındadır.Bu yaralanmalar için en büyük risk altındaki insanlar, mesleği veya geçim kaynağı büyükbaş hayvanları olan çalışanlardır. Ancak hayvancılık işletmelerinde çalışanların hayvanlarla direkt temas kaynaklı yaşanan kazalara ait detaylı bilgiler önlemler konusunda da yardımcı bilgiler olacağı için önemlidir. Hayvancılık işletmelerinde çalışanların hayvanlarla direkt temas kaynaklı yaralanma nedenleri ve alınabilecek önlemler konusunda yapılmış bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışma bu nedenle planlanmış olup hayvancılık işletme çalışanları ile yapılacak yüz yüze anket uygulaması ve yerinde gözlem metodu ile bilgilerin derlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır

Süt Keçiciliğinde Somatik Hücre Sayısının Önemi ve Süt Kalitesine Etkisi

Factories that have transformed raw materials into products by providing services to consumers, both producers and consumers, demand better quality products in developed countries today. Milk has particular importance, especially when it comes to human nutrition and the broath range of products in the market is also taken into consideration. Milk somatic cell count (SCC) is of great importance for the milk maker as well as for the milk processing industry, which today wants to offer quality products to consumers. Because, a milk producer, daily practices such as milking or cleaning can affect the amount of milk SCC content and therefore the amount of milk and quality of the milk. The United States accepts as the commercial standard the maximum amount of somatic cells in goat milk as 1000 000 / ml70% of somatic cells in goat milk are composed of neutrophils, 21% are lymphocytes and 0.4% are epithelial cells. Compared to cow milk, goat's milk contains numerous cytoplasmic particles and leukocytes, as well as epithelial cells. This study will focus on the importance of the number of somatic cells and milk quality in dairy goats.Bugün hayvancılığı gelişmiş ülkelerde, gerek üretici gerekse tüketiciye hizmet sunarak, ham maddeyi mamul maddeye dönüştüren fabrikalar, daha kaliteli ürün talep etmektedir. Özellikle, insan beslenmesinde ve pazardaki ürün yelpazesinin genişliği de dikkate alınırsa süt, ayrı bir önem arz etmektedir. Süt Somatik Hücre Sayısı (SHS) bugün tüketiciye kaliteli ürün sunmak isteyen süt işleme sanayisine olduğu kadar süt üreticisi için de çok büyük bir önem arz etmektedir. Çünkü bir süt üreticisi, günlük olarak yaptığı sağım veya gübre temizliği gibi uygulamalarla süt SHS içeriği ve dolayısıyla meme sağlığı ve sonuçta da ürettiği toplam süt miktarı üzerinde etkili olabilmektedir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, ticari standart olarak keçi sütlerindeki azami somatik hücre miktarını 1000 000/ml olarak kabul etmektedir. Keçi sütlerindeki somatik hücrelerin %70’ini nötrofil, %21’ini lenfosit ve %0,4’ünün epitel hücreler oluşturur. İnek sütüne kıyasla keçi sütü çok sayıda sitoplazmik partiküller ve lökositlerin yanı sıra epitel hücreler de içerir. Bu çalışma ile süt keçilerinde SHS’ nın önemi ve süt kalitesine etkisi üzerinde durulacaktır

Relationships Between The Content of Milk and Various Body Fluids Fatty Acids of Holstein Cows in Hot Conditions

Fatty acids and their metabolic products have important functions in the animal’s body. These functions include being an active energy source, providing resistance to external factors, being the cornerstone of the cell and membrane, and acting as a precursor to hormone-like eicosanoid compounds such as prostaglandins, thromboxane, and leukotriene. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been shown to be effective on many diseases in animal body metabolism. Lack of PUFAs indicates that major metabolic disorders such as, imbalance in blood and lipid levels have arisen. Animal welfare has an increasing prevalence and the lack of chronic stress in the animal is one of the preconditions for animal welfare. Especially in scientific research, when sampling for analysis, it is necessary to improve the environment for animals to survive stress and to treat them with the least stress. Heat stress is the main criteria for animal production. Heat stress can affect the various components of milk such as fat (%),protein, casein and lactose content. Heat stress apart from affecting the milk yield can also influence milk composition and milk yield especially in high yielding breed. For this purpose this study carried out to evaluation of a fatty acid profile milk, vaginal discharge, sweat and saliva of Holstein cattlein summertime in Adana.All groups were kept together during the summer and they get the same ration which consists of silage, fodder and concentrate. In this study, in addition to milk fatty acids, various body fluids were carried out in order to investigate the condition of fatty acid profiles under hot stress conditions and their relationship.Yağ asitleri ve metabolik ürünleri, hayvanın vücudunda önemli fonksiyonlara sahiptir. Bu fonksiyonlar, aktif bir enerji kaynağı olmak, dış etkenlere direnç sağlamak, hücrenin ve zarın temel taşı olmak ve prostaglandinler, tromboksan ve lökotrien gibi hormon benzeri eikosanoid bileşiklerin öncüsü olarak görev yapmaktır. Çoklu doymamış yağ asitlerinin (PUFA) hayvan vücut metabolizmasındaki birçok hastalıkta etkili olduğu belirtilmektedir. PUFA eksikliği, kan ve lipid seviyelerinde dengesizlik, hastalıklar ve metabolik bozukluklara neden olabilmektedir. Hayvan refahı artan bir öneme sahiptir ve hayvan için stressiz ortam refahın ön koşullarından biridir. Hayvanların strese karşı koyabilmeleri ve stressiz ortamda yaşaması için çevre koşullarının iyileştirilmesi konusunda birçok araştırma yapılmaktadır. Sıcaklık stresi süt verimini etkilemekten başka özellikle süt veriminin yüksek olduğu ırkta süt kompozisyonunu da etkileyebilir. Sıcaklık stresi hayvansal üretim için verim kaybı demektir. Sıcaklık stresi, sütün yağ (%), protein, kazein ve laktoz içeriği gibi çeşitli bileşenlerini de etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada, sıcaklık stresi koşullarda süt yağ asitleri ile diğer vücut sıvıları arası ilişkiler incelenmiştir

Comparison of Fatty Acid Contents of Cow and Goat Colostrum

Colostrum has great importance in the development and viability of the offspring. The importance of colostrum comes from its nutrients. Goat milk has rapidly increase especially in the last 10 or 20 years with the importance given to public nutrition and the benefits of goat milk. Although there is 1.6 percent protein in breast milk, this rate is 4.3 in goat milk. Easy digestion of goat milk protein has a practical and special place in the nutrition of infants and diets of sick and old people. The colostrum composition are highly variable due to a number of factors, including individuality, breed, parity, pre-partum nutrition, length of the dry period of cows and time post-partum. The aim of this study was to compare the fatty acids contents of cow colostrum and goat which is most frequently used in human nutrition. Animal material healthy and similar characteristics of the 15 head Holstein cow and 15 head Saanen goat breed were used. These cows and goats were selected among the first to give birth. Colostrum samples were taken at birth at 8 and 16 hours after parturition. The pH, protein, fat, moisture, ash and fatty acid analyzes of colostrum samples were carried out in the laboratory of Çukurova University Fisheries Faculty. At the end of this study the level of Caproic acid, Caprylik acid and Caprik acid levels were lowe in cattle. On contrar yerucic acid, Docosahexaenoic acid, Stearic acid, Methylpentadecanoate, palmitic acid and Palmitoleic acid levels of cattle were higher than goats. Thus it can be said that the contents of colostrum of animal types were significant (p<0,01)