MOESM2 of Development and evaluation of a functional bioreactor for CO fermentation into ethanol

Additional file 2. Bubble movement

MOESM1 of Development and evaluation of a functional bioreactor for CO fermentation into ethanol

Additional file 1. Accessories of the developed bioreactor

Syngas Purification in Cryogenic Packed Beds Using a One-Dimensional Pseudo-homogenous Model

The purification of biomass-derived fuels has been studied extensively in the last 10 years. In 2010, cryogenic packed beds (CPBs) were developed and have shown promise in the removal of CO₂, H₂O, and H₂S from flue gas and biogas. Because of the novelty of the technology, CPB purification of syngas had not yet been tested. This research tests the ability of a CPB to purify syngas by adapting a previously developed one-dimensional model. Syngas was benchmarked against biogas, which had been previously determined to be energetically feasible in a CPB. The biomass-derived BCL/FERCO and coal-derived Shell syngases showed better performance in the simulation than biogas. The BCL/FERCO and Shell gases had heating value/energy cost ratios that were 37 and 14% greater than biogas, respectively. Both syngases had longer system saturation times than biogas, thus a reduction in time spent performing system recovery cycles. While these syngases performed well for this analysis, they were not deemed to be ideal for gas-to-liquid (GTL) processing because of their hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio. Because of the importance of GTL compatibility, the Purox and Foster Wheeler syngases were further analyzed. While the Purox and Foster Wheeler syngases were shown to be less energetically feasible than the biogas (82 and 62% of biogas, respectively), they were both deemed ideal for GTL processing. They would also require fewer recovery cycles than biogas because of their longer saturation times. An absolute energy analysis should be performed in future works to determine if the purification of the GTL-compatible Purox and Foster Wheeler gases is energetically feasible in a CPB

Evolution of Spinel LiMn₂O₄ Single Crystal Morphology Induced by the Li₂MnO₃ Phase during Sintering

The most severe problems for adoption of LiMn2O4 (LMO) as a low-cost and sustainable cathode in lithium-ion batteries are manganese dissolution and structural degradation, especially at an elevated temperature. Developing large single crystals (SCs) for LMO could be a feasible solution since it significantly reduces electrode/electrolyte interfaces where degradation can occur, while exceptionally high ionic diffusivity of its spinel structure could guarantee decent kinetics. In this work, we discovered a unique correlation between morphology and synthesis conditions, especially oxygen partial pressure in a successful development of defect-free faceted LMO SCs. Further experimental and theoretical studies identified that crystal growth of spinel LMO can be dramatically promoted by the Li2MnO3 impurity, which is spontaneously generated at low oxygen partial pressure during high temperature synthesis. Meanwhile, electrochemical performances were found to be controlled by both impurity and crystallite size. We believe that with more understanding of synthesis parameters, LMO single crystals could achieve optimal electrochemical performance