1,377 research outputs found
Production of N2 Vegard-Kaplan and other triplet band emissions in the dayglow of Titan
Recently the Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph has revealed the
presence of N2 Vegard-Kaplan band emissions in Titan's dayglow limb
observation. We present model calculations for the production of various N2
triplet states in the upper atmosphere of Titan. The Analytical Yield Spectra
technique is used to calculate steady state photoelectron fluxes in Titan's
atmosphere, which are in agreement with those observed by the Cassini's CAPS
instrument. Considering direct electron impact excitation, inter-state
cascading, and quenching effects, the population of different levels of N2
triplet states are calculated under statistical equilibrium. Densities of all
vibrational levels of each triplet state and volume production rates for
various triplet states are calculated in the model. Vertically integrated
overhead intensities for the same date and lighting conditions as the reported
by UVIS observations for N2 VK, 1P, 2P, Wu-Benesch, and Reverse First Positive
bands of N2 are found to be 132, 114, 19, 22, and 22 R, respectively. Overhead
intensities are calculated for each vibrational transition of all the triplet
band emissions of N2, which span a wider spectrum of wavelengths from
ultraviolet to infrared. The calculated limb intensities of total and prominent
transitions of VK band are presented. The model limb intensity of VK emission
within the 150-190 nm wavelength region is in good agreement with the Cassini
UVIS observed limb profile. An assessment of the impact of solar EUV flux on
the N2 triplet band emission intensity has been made by using three different
solar flux models, viz., Solar EUV Experiment, SOLAR2000 model of Tobiska
(2004), and HEUVAC model of Richards et al, (2006). The calculated N2 VK band
intensity at the peak of limb intensity due to S2K and HEUVAC solar flux models
is a factor of 1.2 and 0.9, respectively, of that obtained using SEE solar EUV
flux.Comment: 25 pages, 11 figures; Icarus, 201
Production of N2 Vegard-Kaplan and Lyman-Birge-Hopfield emissions on Pluto
We have developed a model to calculate the emission intensities of various
vibrational transitions of N triplet band and Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (LBH)
band emissions in the dayglow of Pluto for solar minimum, moderate, and maximum
conditions. The calculated overhead intensities of Vegard-Kaplan (), First Positive (), Second Positive (), Wu-Benesch (), Reverse First Positive, and LBH (-- )
bands of N are 17 (74), 14.8 (64), 2.4 (10.8), 2.9 (12.7), 2.9 (12.5), and
2.3 (10) R, respectively, for solar minimum (maximum) condition. We have
predicted the overhead and limb intensities of VK (150-190 nm) and LBH (120-190
nm) bands of N on Pluto for the New Horizons (NH) flyby condition that can
be observed by Alice: the ultraviolet imaging spectrograph also know as
P-Alice. The predicted limb intensities of VK and LBH bands peak at radial
distance of 2000 km with the value of about 5 (13) and 9.5 (22) R for
solar zenith angle 60 (0), respectively. We have also
calculated overhead and limp intensities of few prominent transition of CO
Fourth Positive bands for NH flyby condition.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, 2 table
Risk in Output Growth of Oilseeds in the Rajasthan State: A Policy Perspective
Today, India is one of the largest producers of oilseeds in the world and this sector occupies an important position in the agricultural economy. Rajasthan state occupies a prominent place in the oilseeds production of India. The important oilseed crops of the Rajasthan state are groundnut, soyabean, rapeseed & mustard, sesamum and taramira. The growth pattern of these crops in the state has been prone to risk over time and across the agro-climatic regions because of the rainfall behaviour, prolonged drought-periods, limited water-resources and facilities available in the state Under such a situation, growth performances of these crops are subjected to high degree of risks in the sector. Therefore, it is important to describe the growth pattern of area, production and productivity, factors affecting acreage allocation under crops and magnitude of instability as well as its sources in major oilseeds crops of Rajasthan state. The fluctuating yield has been seen for almost all the oilseeds crops. However, the area and yield instability of the mustard crop has been found declining overtime plausibly because of increase in irrigation facilities, location-specific technologies and better input management. However, this needs to be further strengthened for improvement in the overall agricultural scenario. The acreage of the crops has been found to be governed by both price and non-price factors. Hence, price incentive alone has not been found to be the sufficient in bringing the desirable change in the cropping pattern as well production of crops. Hence, a policy for better implementation of support price system, development of consistently performing varieties and further enhancement of irrigation facilities will go a long way to ensure stability in the Rajasthan agriculture. To compel the large yield variability, it is advisable to the farmers to avail benefits of crop insurance scheme.Agricultural and Food Policy,
ANALYSIS OF ARTAVA (MENSTRUATION) IN CONTEXT OF SHARIRA RACHANA
The proper understanding of terminology is vital for a systematic knowledge of any structure especially in context of Sharira Rachana. A term is a structured set of concepts and their designations in a specific field. The proper terminology is concerned with relationship between the concepts and also makes a fundamental pillar. The aim of present article is to compiled, critically analyze the terminology related to Artava i.e. Raja, Artava and Shonita and elaborate the fundamental concepts behind those terminologies in various classics of Ayurveda. Presence of Raja, Artava since childhood, concept of Raja, Shonita, character of Artava and difference between Artava and Shonita are mentioned as reviewed literature. About one month of time period is needed in the formation of Artava in adult female’s means to reach the Artava from its originating place to destination place or from Yakrita and Pleeha to Garbhashaya (Yoni) and this makes complete passage of Artava. Artava have Agneya Pradhana nature as source of Agneyatattva for Garbha while Anushanasheeta composition of Rakta Dhatu laid the foundation of Dhatu for body. Raja is the flowing constituent of Artava and Beeja as constituent of Artava is the source of Garbha. Both Artava and Rakta Dhatu are formed from Rasa Dhatu by Ranjanakriya. This process converts the Saumyabhava to Agneyabhava. This article can be helpful to understand the various terminologies related to the Artava
Impact of solar EUV flux on CO Cameron band and CO2+ UV doublet emissions in the dayglow of Mars
This study is aimed at making a calculation about the impact of the two most
commonly used solar EUV flux models -- SOLAR2000 (S2K) of \cite{Tobiska04} and
EUVAC model of \cite{Richards94} -- on photoelectron fluxes, volume emission
rates, ion densities and CO Cameron and CO UV doublet band dayglow
emissions on Mars in three solar activity conditions: minimum, moderate, and
maximum. Calculated limb intensities profiles are compared with SPICAM/Mars
Express and Mariner observations. Analytical yield spectrum (AYS) approach has
been used to calculate photoelectron fluxes in Martian upper atmosphere.
Densities of prominent ions and CO molecule in excited triplet a state
are calculated using major ion-neutral reactions. Volume emission rates of CO
Cameron and CO UV doublet bands have been calculated for dif{}ferent
observations (Viking condition, Mariner and Mars Express SPICAM observations)
on Mars. For the low solar activity condition, dayglow intensities calculated
using the S2K model are 40% higher than those calculated using the EUVAC
model. During high solar activity, due to the higher EUV fluxes at wavelengths
below 250 \AA\ in the EUVAC model, intensities calculated using EUVAC model are
slightly higher (20%) than those calculated using S2K model. Irrespective
of the solar activity condition, production of Cameron band due to
photodissociative excitation of CO is around 50% higher when S2K model is
used. Altitude of peak limb brightness of CO Cameron and CO UV doublet
band is found to be independent of solar EUV flux models. Calculated limb
intensities of CO Cameron and CO UV doublet bands are on an average a
factor of 2 and 1.5, respectively, higher than the SPICAM Mars
Express observation, while they are consistent with the Mariner observations.Comment: 27 Pages, 12 Figures; Planetary and Space Science, 201
Calculations of N2 triplet states vibrational populations and band emissions in Venusian dayglow
A model for N2 triplet states band emissions in the Venusian dayglow has been
developed for low and high solar activity conditions. Steady state
photoelectron fluxes and volume excitation rates for N2 triplet states have
been calculated using the Analytical Yield Spectra (AYS) technique. Model
calculated photoelectron flux is in good agreement with Pioneer Venus
Orbiter-observed electron flux. Since inter-state cascading is important for
the triplet states of N2, populations of different levels of N2 triplet states
are calculated under statistical equilibrium considering direct electron impact
excitation, and cascading and quenching effects. Densities of all vibrational
levels of each triplet state are calculated in the model. Height-integrated
overhead intensities of N2 triplet band emissions are calculated, the values
for Vegard-Kaplan (A^3Sigma_u^+ - X^1Pi_g^+), First Positive (B^3Pi_g -
A^3Sigma_u^+), Second Positive (C^3Pi_u - B^3Pi_g), and Wu-Benesch (W^3Delta_u
- B^3Pi_g) bands of N2, are 1.9 (3.2), 3 (6), 0.4 (0.8), and 0.5 (1.1) kR,
respectively, for solar minimum (maximum) conditions. The intensities of the
three strong Vegard-Kaplan bands (0, 5), (0, 6), and (0, 7) are 94 (160), 120
(204), and 114 (194) R, respectively, for solar minimum (maximum) conditions.
Limb profiles are calculated for VK (0, 4), (0, 5), (0, 6) and (0, 7) bands.
The calculated intensities on Venus are about a factor 10 higher than those on
Mars. The present study provides a motivation for a search of N2 triplet band
emissions in the dayglow of Venus.Comment: Icarus, 201
Development and Validation of Quality of Life Tool among Chemotherapy Patients: A Pilot Trial
Introduction: Quality of Life (QoL) is a main alarm of patients
with life-threatening cancer. Symptoms have an effect on their
QoL. There are many standardised tools which measure the QoL
among cancer patients. But there is no specific questionnaire or
tool available to evaluate the chemotherapy patients in Indian
context.
Aim: To develop and validate a QoL tool for chemotherapy
patients.
Materials and Methods: This mixed method pilot study with
sequential exploratory design was led at Outpatient Department
(OPD) and Inpatient Department (IPD) of S. N. Shah Cancer
Hospital, Nadiad city, Gujarat, India, from April to May 2020. In
qualitative stage, the data was gathered by involving in detail
interview of 15 chemotherapy patients. Interview data were
analysed by utilising conventional content analysis method and
themes and subthemes were formed. Based on it, a pool of
items for the questionnaire was prepared. In quantitative stage,
psychometric properties of the questionnaire were assessed by
using face, content and construct validity. The reliability of the
tool was evaluated by internal consistency and Cronbach’s alpha.
Overall 15 patients participated in qualitative and quantitative
phase separately.
Results: At the end of phase I, a draft of 104 questionnaires
was formed. In phase 2, a specialist panel reviewed 84 items
relevant with the domains and 20 items were erased on the
basis of expert opinion, Item Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and
Scale Content Validity Index (S-CVI). At this time, 84 item tool
were given to 15 chemotherapy patients. In view of the patient’s
opinion, researcher drew a screen plot based on eigen value
of above 1. These four domains showed 53.846% of the total
variance. Last 84 items were scrutinised as per specific domain.
The end draft had a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.932.
Conclusion: The newly develop tool will help the chemotherapy
patients and healthcare team to evaluate the QoL. This QoL tool
will also impact the cancer treatment and implement strategies
accordingly
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