Development of a Convergent Spray Technologies(tm) Spray Process for a Solventless Sprayable Coating, MCC-1

This paper discusses the application of Convergent Spray Technologies (TM) Spray Process to the development and successful implementation of Marshall Convergent Coating (MCC-1) as a primary Thermal Protection System (TPS) for the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs). This paper discusses the environmental and process benefits of the MCC-1 technology, shows the systematic steps taken in developing the technology, including statistical sensitivity studies of about 35 variables. Based on the process and post-flight successes on the SRB, it will be seen that the technology is "field-proven". Application of this technology to other aerospace and commercial programs is summarized to illustrate the wide range of possibilities

Design & Simulation of Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Filter at 70MHz for Digital Data Transmission

The Surface Acoustic Wave(SAW) filter has found wide applications in digital communication due to its linear phase response. The important parameters to design SAW filter are number of fingers, spacing between fingers, their shapes. The SAW filter at 70MHz center frequency having bandwidth of 15% will be designed by using 2-IDT structure. The piezoelectric substrate will be used. The proposed filter will show the insertion loss of 2.5 to 3.5dB . The simulation results will be measured using CST microwave studio .By using remez algorithm in MATLAB frequency response is calculated

Harnessing Wisdom for Managing Watersheds: Honey Bee Perspective on Innovations, Institutions and Policies for Marginal Environments

Participatory approaches for watershed management are now considered essential for sustainable natural resources management and yet there is very little opportunity for intellectual participation by the people. This requires understanding of the local knowledge systems and their institutional context. In this paper, we provide an overview of the conceptual framework which can facilitate such participation. The full report being published separately includes case studies of farmers’ innovations in natural resources management.

NEW ONSET OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN INDIAN RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENT-A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

Objective: To identify incidence and determinant of new-onset of diabetes after transplant (NODAT) in Indian renal transplant recipients.Methods: In this study Indian renal transplant recipients who were not diabetic before transplant and underwent kidney transplantation between July 2004 and June 2011 were enrolled. Various data of all transplant patients including age, gender, body weight, pre transplant Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection status, Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) mismatch, maintenance immunosuppressant drug, usage of antibodies, anti rejection treatment, patients and graft survival, post-transplant infection including HCV, HBV, Herpes and Cytomegalo virus (CMV) infection were noted down. In this study patients who had taken anti diabetic medicine beyond 1 month were considered as diabetic.Results: Total 537 renal transplant recipients were enrolled in the study. Patients age (P<0.0001), body weight (P=0.042) and HLA mismatch (P=0.015) were significantly effected on prevalence of NODAT. Other parameters like sex (P=0.862), type of donor (P=0.191), pre transplant HBV (P=0.285) and pre transplant HCV (P=0.201) were not significantly affecting development of NODAT. NODAT prevalence was not significantly affected by different Calciurine Inhibitors (CNIs) (P=0.079), antibodies (P=0.671) and by anti rejection therapy (P=0.115). Post-transplant infection was significantly higher in NODAT patients (P=0.022) and mainly among them CMV infection was prevalent (P=0.002). Other infections were found similar in patients with or without NODAT. NODAT was not significantly affecting patients survival (P=0.828) and graft survival (P=0.101).Conclusion: Age more than 45 years, body weight more than 70 kilogram, HLA mismatch, tacrolimus treatment are significantly affecting development of NODAT in Indian transplant recipients. NODAT is strongly associated with development of post-transplant infection and among them CMV infection was prevalent.Â

Role of adrenergic receptors in shock

Shock is a severe, life-threatening medical condition with a high mortality rate worldwide. All four major categories of shock (along with their various subtypes)—hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic, and obstructive, involve a dramatic mismatch between oxygen supply and demand, and share standard features of decreased cardiac output, reduced blood pressure, and overall hypoperfusion. Immediate and appropriate intervention is required regardless of shock type, as a delay can result in cellular dysfunction, irreversible multiple organ failure, and death. Studies have shown that dysfunction and downregulation of adrenergic receptors (ARs) are often implicated in these shock conditions; for example, their density is shown to be decreased in hypovolemic and cardiogenic shock, while their reduced signaling in the brain and vasculature decrease blood perfusion and oxygen supply. There are two main categories of ARs, α, and β, each with its subtypes and distributions. Our group has demonstrated that a dose of .02 mg/kg body wt of centhaquine (CQ) specifically activates α2B ARs on venous circulation along with the central α2A ARs after hypovolemic/hemorrhagic shock. Activating these receptors by CQ increases cardiac output (CO) and reduces systemic vascular resistance (SVR), with a net increase in blood pressure and tissue perfusion. The clinical trials of CQ conducted by Pharmazz Inc. in India have demonstrated significantly improved survival in shock patients. CQ improved blood pressure and shock index, indicating better blood circulation, and reduced lactate levels in the blood compared to in-use standard resuscitative agents. After successful clinical trials, CQ is being marketed as a drug (Lyfaquin®) for hypovolemic/hemorrhagic shock in India, and United States FDA has approved the phase III IND application. It is anticipated that the phase III trial in the United States will begin in 2023. Thus, we have demonstrated that α2 ARs could be suitable targets for treating or managing hypovolemic/hemorrhagic shock. Further understanding of ARs in shock would help find new potential pharmacological targets

Comparison of two different doses of dexmedetomidine (0.25 mcg/kg and 0.5 mcg/kg) in prolonging duration of spinal anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing trans urethral resection of prostate: a prospective randomized double blinded study

Background: Trans urethral resection of prostate (TURP) under spinal anaesthesia (SAB) in elderly with associated cardio-pulmonary, endocrine or other co-morbidities induces detrimental physiological and psychological stress response to surgery and anaesthesia. Proper sedation during spinal anaesthesia can reduces this response. Aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of spinal block, hemodynamic changes, and postoperative analgesia, following administration of intravenous DMT (0.25 mcg/kg and 0.5 mcg/kg) in elderly patients undergoing TURP under SAB.Methods: Sixty-eight patients were randomly allocated to two groups of 34 patients each. After giving spinal anaesthesia patients received two different doses of dexmedetomidine intravenously; 0.25 mcg/kg (Group D25) and 0.50 mcg/kg (Group D50) respectively. Drugs were given slowly in dilution of 10ml normal saline. Patients were monitored for intraoperative haemodynamics, sensory and motor block characteristics and postoperative analgesia in terms of VAS (visual analogue scale) and first and total dose of rescue analgesic.Results: Mean value of lowest HR in Group D50 and D 25 was comparable (p=0.11) and time taken to achieve lowest HR was also comparable (p=0.13). Mean value of lowest SBP, DBP and MAP were lower in Group D50 than in Group D25 but the difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.52,0.95 and 0.41 respectively). Onset of sensory block was comparable between the two groups, p=0.62. Maximum sensory block was achieved significantly earlier in Group D50 (10.64±2.75 min versus 12.94±3.04 min in Group D25), p=0.0012. Group D50 patients achieved Bromage score 3 earlier (10.735±1.797 min) than group D25 (12.794±2.52 min) (p=0.00). Recovery from motor block was found earlier in Group D25 group (141.325±4.97 mins) compared to Group D50 (154.41±8.143 mins). Group D50 reported significantly higher sedation than group D25 (p=0.00). Group D25 reported more pain at 4 hours compared to Group D50 (VAS -4.705±0.462 versus 2.588±1.478). Time of requirement of first rescue analgesia was delayed in Group D50 (270.59±50.78 mins) than in Group D25 (172.50±10.46 mins), p=0.000.Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine is effective in relieving anxiety in elderly patients undergoing TURP under spinal anaesthesia. Dose of 0.50 mcg/kg is more effective than 0.25 mcg/kg without increasing the risk of adverse effect.

Unmasking the elusive: an early gestational age placenta accreta case series to illuminate the path towards avoiding missed diagnosis

Placenta accreta is a condition characterized by the abnormal invasion of the placenta into the uterine wall, leading to torrential hemorrhage. This case series, highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis and early detection of this life-threatening complication. The incidence of this iatrogenic complication is rising due to increased caesarean deliveries. While in advance stages of pregnancy the chances of missing accreta are less but in early pregnancy the diagnosis may be elusive. Timely detection by using imaging modalities like ultrasound both 2D and colour Doppler, provide valuable clues. Misdiagnosis may be fatal, especially in the first trimester. The present case series presents 3 cases where initial diagnosis of missed abortion followed by repeated curettage and gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) was made respectively. The agony of suffering leads the patient to our tertiary care center where the diagnosis of accreta was made. Accurate diagnosis and early detection of placenta accreta are vital to optimize patient outcome. Detecting the nicheand an anteriorly situated low lying placenta with history of previous birth by caesarian section should raise suspicion, and vigilance on the part of treating obstetrician is must