2,084 research outputs found
Non-Gaussianity of Inflationary Gravitational Waves from the Field Equation
We demonstrate equivalence of the in-in formalism and Green's function method
for calculating the bispectrum of primordial gravitational waves generated by
vacuum fluctuations of the metric. The tree-level bispectrum from the field
equation, , agrees with the results obtained previously using the in-in
formalism exactly. Characterising non-Gaussianity of the fluctuations using the
ratio in the equilateral configuration, where is the power
spectrum of scale-invariant gravitational waves, we show that it is much weaker
than in models with spectator gauge fields. We also calculate the tree-level
bispectrum of two right-handed and one left-handed gravitational wave using
Green's function, reproducing the results from in-in formalism, and show that
it can be as large as the bispectrum of three right-handed gravitational waves.Comment: 17 pages, 2 figures; comments welcom
Does Subsidising the Cost of Capital Help the Poorest? An Analysis of Saving Opportunities in Group Lending
This paper shows that subsidising the cost of capital restricts the ability of the poorest to participate in the group lending mechanisms that include saving opportunities. We document the group lending mechanism used by a typical microfinance lender in Haryana, India. Individuals can participate in the group either as a borrower or a saver. The lender requires that the borrower partly self-finance their project with their own cash wealth. Consequently, a borrower requires a minimum amount of cash wealth to borrow. The poorest participate in the group by co-financing the borrower's project with their meagre savings. In return, they obtain higher than market returns on their savings. Subsidising the cost of capital reduces the cash wealth required to participate in the group as a borrower. Conversely, it increases the cash wealth required to participate as a saver, thus curtailing the opportunity for the poorest to enrich themselves.Group Lending, Microfinance, Savings, Outreach
DNA confined in a two-dimensional strip geometry
Semiflexible polymers characterized by the contour length and persistent
length confined in a spatial region have been described as a
series of ``{\em spherical blobs}'' and ``{\em deflecting lines}'' by de Gennes
and Odjik for and respectively. Recently new
intermediate regimes ({\em extended de Gennes} and {\em Gauss-de Gennes}) have
been investigated by Tree {\em et al.} [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 110}, 208103
(2013)]. In this letter we derive scaling relations to characterize these
transitions in terms of universal scaled fluctuations in -dimension as a
function of , and , and show that the Gauss-de Gennes regime is
absent and extended de Gennes regime is vanishingly small for polymers confined
in a 2D strip. We validate our claim by extensive Brownian dynamics (BD)
simulation which also reveals that the prefactor used to describe the chain
extension in the Odjik limit is independent of physical dimension and is
the same as previously found by Yang {\em et al.}[Y. Yang, T. W. Burkhardt, G.
Gompper, Phys. Rev. E {\bf 76}, 011804 (2007)]. Our studies are relevant for
optical maps of DNA stretched inside a nano-strip.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure
Out of Equilibrium Characteristics of a Forced Translocating Chain through a Nanopore
Polymer translocation through a nano-pore in a thin membrane is studied using
a coarse-grained bead-spring model and Langevin dynamics simulation with a
particular emphasis to explore out of equilibrium characteristics of the
translocating chain. We analyze the out of equilibrium chain conformations both
at the and the side separately either as a function of the time
during the translocation process or as as function of the monomer index
inside the pore. A detailed picture of translocation emerges by monitoring the
center of mass of the translocating chain, longitudinal and transverse
components of the gyration radii and the end to end vector. We observe that
polymer configurations at the side are distinctly different from those at
the side. During the translocation, and immediately afterwards, the
chain is clearly out of equilibrium, as different parts of the chain are
characterized by a series of effective Flory exponents. We further notice that
immediately after the translocation the last set of beads that have just
translocated take a relatively compact structure compared to the first set of
beads that translocated earlier, and the chain immediately after translocation
is described by an effective Flory exponent . The analysis of
these results is further strengthened by looking at the conformations of chain
segments of equal length as they cross from the to the side, We
discuss implications of these results to the theoretical estimates and
numerical simulation studies of the translocation exponent reported by various
groups.Comment: 35 pages, 16 figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev.
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