Evolution of Till Stratigraphy in Union County, Ohio

Author Institution: Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water, Ground Water Resources SectionInitial, Superconducting Super Collider-related fieldwork in Union County employed the stratigraphic scheme successfully used by the Division of Geological Survey in north-central Ohio. Descriptions and laboratory analyses of tills collected from outcrops and cores demonstrated that this scheme worked remarkably well. Tills, from youngest to oldest, were the clayey Hiram and Hayesville tills; the compact, silty upper Millbrook Till; the clayey middle Millbrook Till; and the sandy lower Millbrook Till. The sandy, noncompact Navarre Till appeared to be absent. The clayey Hiram and Hayesville tills become thin at the Powell Moraine and are absent south of the moraine. Southward from the Powell Moraine, a noncompact, sandy till closely resembling the Navarre Till was observed. West of Marysville, the entire sequence of tills becomes appreciably more clayey. Observed variations in the till stratigraphy may reflect an actual change of till sheets, a facies change, or both. Historically, stratigraphic schemes developed by Totten, Forsyth, and Goldthwait have been utilized in the Scioto Lobe. As a result of these multiple schemes, a complex and somewhat overlapping variety of names are available for tills observed in Union County. This paper reviews the relevance and utility of previous schemes, suggests correlations between them, and makes recommendations for their use. Additionally, a summarized scheme for Union County is presented

Quaternary Stratigraphy of Richfield Township, Summit County Ohio

Author Institution: Department of Geology, University of Akron ; Department of Geology, Miami UniversityBorings and measured sections were used to trace 3 Wisconsinan tills in Richfield Township of Summit County in northeastern Ohio. Various fluvial and glaciofluvial deposits were found underlying, overlying, and between the tills. The tills were differentiated upon the basis of stratigraphy, texture, and mineralogy. Generally, the tills grade from coarse-grained with high quartz/feldspar and alkali feldspar/plagioclase values as their age decreases. The Early Wisconsinan Mogadore Till is identified by its sandy nature and dolomitic carbonate content and may have been deposited by either the Grand River lobe or the Killbuck lobe. An unnamed till of indeterminable age has nearly equal amounts of calcite and dolomite. Not enough evidence has been acquired to determine if this till represents a readvance of Mogadore ice or a facies of the Kent (Navarre) Till. The Late Wisconsinan Lavery Till is characterized by black shale fragments. Both may have been deposited by the Cuyahoga lobe

Further Explorations into Ohio's Fractured Environment: Introduction to The Ohio Journal of Science's Second Special Issue on Fractures in Ohio's Glacial Tills

Author Institution: Bennett and Williams Environmental Consultants Inc., Columbus, OHAuthor Institution: Dept of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OHAuthor Institution: Ohio Dept of Natural Resources, Division of Water, Columbus, OHThis paper summarizes the history of the Ohio Fracture Flow Working Group (OFFWG), describes their activities since the publication of the first special issue of The Ohio Journal of Science in 2000, and references selected recent publications by Ohio researchers, other researchers in the United States, and research efforts internationally. It also serves as an introduction to and overview of this second special issue of The Ohio Journal of Science. DEDICATION. This special issue is dedicated to Jane L. Forsyth and Truman W. Bennett for their foundational contributions to glacial geology and hydrogeology, respectively, and their roles in understanding fractures in unconsolidated (glacial) materials

DRASTIC Hydrogeologic Settings Modified for Fractured Till: Part 1. Theory

Author Institution: Bennett & Williams Environmental Consultants Inc., Columbus, OHAuthor Institution: Dept. of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OHAuthor Institution: Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Water, Columbus, OHAuthor Institution: Bennett & Williams Environmental Consultants Inc., Columbus, OHThe ground water vulnerability assessment model, DRASTIC, has been modified to better evaluate the effect of fractured till. In the mid-1980s, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) Division of Water began statewide, county-by-county mapping of the potential for ground water pollution. Eventually it was recognized that the original DRASTIC methodology needed to be modified to incorporate the concept of double-block porosity and preferential flow through Ohio’s fractured glacial tills. Glacial till was eventually recognized as a unique vadose zone media, and different ratings were assigned to the various till lithologies. It was determined that thin, weathered, highly-fractured tills should be more highly rated by increasing the rating of “R” Net Recharge and “I” Impact of the vadose zone media, where appropriate. In rare instances, the ratings of very thin soils (“S” Soil media) were modified to reflect the nature of underlying parent materials. In contrast, extremely thick sequences of unweathered till were given lower ratings for “R” Net Recharge and “I” Impact of the vadose zone media. DRASTIC maps have been completed for 76% of the 88 counties in Ohio. With the advent of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications, compiling a county DRASTIC map has become faster, and publication costs have been significantly reduced. GIS provides the tools to review and quickly modify historical mapping efforts that predate the fracture modification. This paper reviews the history of DRASTIC mapping in Ohio, presents the theory of modifications for fractures, and includes some discussion of Ohio regulatory applications

DRASTIC Hydrogeologic Settings Modified for Fractured Till: Part 2. Field Observations

Author Institution: Bennett & Williams Environmental Consultants Inc., Columbus, OHAuthor Institution: Dept. of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OHAuthor Institution: Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Water, Columbus, OHAuthor Institution: USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Columbus, OHAuthor Institution: Bennett & Williams Environmental Consultants Inc., Columbus, OHDeveloped as a companion paper to "DRASTIC Hydrogeologic Settings Modified for Fractured Till: Part 1. Theory," twenty-one field sites around glaciated Ohio were visited to determine if fractures were present in the soils and underlying parent materials at each location. Four sites were featured with indepth discussions. In all, 23 of the original 95 fractured soils identified in Tornes and others (2000) were confirmed in the field and four new soils were added to the list: Amanda, Avonburg, Blanchester, and Clermont. Settings were grouped by common glacial and soils characteristics where they were linked to predict similar conditions over a wider ranging area. Modifications to their site specific DRASTIC ratings can be extrapolated to the larger geologic regions. All 21 sites were evaluated for their DRASTIC settings and new Ground Water Pollution Potential numbers were assigned where necessary. Modification of the DRASTIC mapping method has made the Ohio Ground Water Pollution Potential mapping program more protective of Ohio's ground water supplies. DRASTIC mapping efforts can play an important role in not only statewide but also local ground water pollution protection efforts

Suitablility for Solid-Waste Disposal in the Lorain 30 x 60-Minute Quadrangle

The Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR), Division of Geological Survey has completed a reconnaissance map showing areas suitable for solid waste disposal in the Lorain, Ohio, 30 x 50-minute (1:1,100,000-scale) quadrangle. The main purpose of this map is to provide a reconnaissance level map that shows the relative suitability of various surficial materials for the disposal or containment of solid waste in this quadrangle. Our goal was to create this map from existing ODNR Division of Geological Survey maps and GIS datasets as much as possible. Consequently, the Lorain map is a derivative map based directly from the ODNR Division of Geological Survey SG-2 Series map, Surficial Geology of the Lorain and Put-in-Bay 30 x 60 Minute Quadrangles (Pavey and others, 2005). The SG-2 series features maps based upon polygons that represent a “stack” of mapped unit lithologies and thicknesses. These maps show surficial materials in increments of 10 feet within each polygon across the study area. A set of queries were run in ESRI ArcGIS to determine the range of thickness and nature of the sediments. The main premise of this map is to specify areas of thick, fine-grained glacial till and glaciolacustrine silt and clay deposits for solid-waste disposal and containment. A minimum of 30 feet of fine-grained material was deemed necessary for waste disposal for areas where the drift overlies shale; siltstone; or interbedded, shaley limestone. If the fine-grained material was directly overlying an aquifer, the minimum required thickness was increased to 50 feet. Aquifers included sand and gravel, sandstone, limestone, and dolomite. Areas with over 20 feet of sand and gravel or sand at the surface (e.g., kames, beach ridges) were excluded as were areas with alluvium (active streams) and organic deposits at the land surface. The main factor in the decision-making process was to have adequate fine-grained materials overlying the aquifers.United States Geological Survey, National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalitio

Potential Sand and Gravel Resources of the Canton 30 x 60-Minute Quadrangle, Ohio

The Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR), Division of Geological Survey has completed a reconnaissance map showing areas of mineable sand and gravel resources in the Canton, Ohio, 30 x 60-minute 1:100,000-scale quadrangle. The main purpose of this map was to create a reconnaissance-level map that would show the potential for mining sand-and-gravel in this quadrangle. The map shows areas of surficial materials in increments of 10 feet and then differentiates sand, sand and gravel, and ice-contact deposits from finer grained materials, such as glacial till, lacustrine clay and silt, and alluvial materials. The sand and sand-and-gravel units include both surficial and buried outwash and valley train deposits and ice-contact deposits, such as kames, kame terraces, and eskers. This map was created to show the total thickness or accumulation of sand and gravel in the Canton 30 x 60-minute quadrangle. The thickness of sand-and-gravel deposits helps determine if it is economically viable.United States Geological Survey: National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalitio

Allogeneic endometrial regenerative cells: An "Off the shelf solution" for critical limb ischemia?

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is an advanced form of peripheral artery disease which is responsible for approximately 100,000 amputations per year in the US. Trials to date have reported clinical improvement and reduced need for amputation in CLI patients receiving autologous bone marrow or mobilized peripheral blood stem cells for stimulation of angiogenesis. While such treatments are currently entering Phase III trials, practical and scientific pitfalls will limit widespread implementation if efficacy is proven. Hurdles to be overcome include: a) reduced angiogenic potential of autologous cells in aged patients with cardiovascular risk factors; b) invasiveness/adverse effects of bone marrow extraction and G-CSF mobilization, respectively; and c) need for on-site cellular manipulation. The Endometrial Regenerative Cell (ERC) is a mesenchymal-like stem cell derived from the menstrual blood that is believed to be associated with endometrial angiogenesis. We discuss the possibility of using allogeneic ERCs as an "off the shelf" treatment for CLI based on the following properties: a) High levels of growth factors and matrix metalloprotease production; b) Ability to inhibits inflammatory responses and lack of immunogenicity; and c) Expandability to great quantities without loss of differentiation ability or karyotypic abnormalities

Potential for Mineable Bedrock in the Findlay 30 x 60 minute quadrangle

The Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR), Division of Geological Survey has completed a reconnaissance map showing areas of mineable bedrock, including shale, limestone, and dolomite, likely covered by thin surficial materials (glacial drift) in the Findlay, Ohio, 30 x 50-minute (1:1,100,000-scale) quadrangle. The main purpose of this map was to create a reconnaissance-level map that shows the potential for mining carbonate and shale bedrock in this quadrangle. We sought to create this map from as many existing ODNR Division of Geological Survey maps and GIS datasets as possible. The map shows areas of surficial materials in increments of 10 ft and totaling less than 40 ft overlying Silurian- and Devonian-age dolomite and limestone, and it also shows a limited area in the southeastern most portion of the quadrangle where surficial materials (totaling less than 20 ft) overlay potential Devonian-age shale resources.United States Geological Survey: National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalitio