9 research outputs found
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Direct quantification of changes in pH within single levitated microdroplets and the kinetics of nitrate and chloride depletion.
The hygroscopicity and pH of aqueous microdroplets and smaller aerosols control their impacts on human health and the climate. Nitrate depletion and chloride depletion through the partitioning of HNO3 and HCl into the gas phase are processes that are enhanced in micron-sized and smaller aqueous droplets and this depletion influences both hygroscopicity and pH. Despite a number of studies, uncertainties remain about these processes. While acid evaporation and the loss of HCl or HNO3 have been observed during dehydration, there is a question as to the rate of acid evaporation and whether this can occur in fully hydrated droplets at higher relative humidity (RH). To directly elucidate the kinetics of nitrate and chloride depletion through evaporation of HNO3 and HCl, respectively at high RH, single levitated microdroplets are probed with cavity-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Using glycine as a novel in situ pH probe, we are able to simultaneously measure changes in microdroplet composition and pH over timescales of hours. We find that the loss of chloride from the microdroplet is faster than that of nitrate, and the calculated rate constants infer that depletion is limited by the formation of HCl or HNO3 at the air-water interface and subsequent partitioning into the gas phase
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Insights into the behavior of nonanoic acid and its conjugate base at the air/water interface through a combined experimental and theoretical approach.
The partitioning of medium-chain fatty acid surfactants such as nonanoic acid (NA) between the bulk phase and the air/water interface is of interest to a number of fields including marine and atmospheric chemistry. However, questions remain about the behavior of these molecules, the contributions of various relevant chemical equilibria, and the impact of pH, salt and bulk surfactant concentrations. In this study, the surface adsorption of nonanoic acid and its conjugate base is quantitatively investigated at various pH values, surfactant concentrations and the presence of salts. Surface concentrations of protonated and deprotonated species are dictated by surface-bulk equilibria which can be calculated from thermodynamic considerations. Notably we conclude that the surface dissociation constant of soluble surfactants cannot be directly obtained from these experimental measurements, however, we show that molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods, such as free energy perturbation (FEP), can be used to calculate the surface acid dissociation constant relative to that in the bulk. These simulations show that nonanoic acid is less acidic at the surface compared to in the bulk solution with a pK a shift of 1.1 ± 0.6, yielding a predicted surface pK a of 5.9 ± 0.6. A thermodynamic cycle for nonanoic acid and its conjugate base between the air/water interface and the bulk phase can therefore be established. Furthermore, the effect of salts, namely NaCl, on the surface activity of protonated and deprotonated forms of nonanoic acid is also examined. Interestingly, salts cause both a decrease in the bulk pK a of nonanoic acid and a stabilization of both the protonated and deprotonated forms at the surface. Overall, these results suggest that the deprotonated medium-chain fatty acids under ocean conditions can also be present within the sea surface microlayer (SSML) present at the ocean/atmosphere interface due to the stabilization effect of the salts in the ocean. This allows the transfer of these species into sea spray aerosols (SSAs). More generally, we present a framework with which the behavior of partially soluble species at the air/water interface can be predicted from surface adsorption models and the surface pK a can be predicted from MD simulations
Recommended from our members
Insights into the behavior of nonanoic acid and its conjugate base at the air/water interface through a combined experimental and theoretical approach.
The partitioning of medium-chain fatty acid surfactants such as nonanoic acid (NA) between the bulk phase and the air/water interface is of interest to a number of fields including marine and atmospheric chemistry. However, questions remain about the behavior of these molecules, the contributions of various relevant chemical equilibria, and the impact of pH, salt and bulk surfactant concentrations. In this study, the surface adsorption of nonanoic acid and its conjugate base is quantitatively investigated at various pH values, surfactant concentrations and the presence of salts. Surface concentrations of protonated and deprotonated species are dictated by surface-bulk equilibria which can be calculated from thermodynamic considerations. Notably we conclude that the surface dissociation constant of soluble surfactants cannot be directly obtained from these experimental measurements, however, we show that molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods, such as free energy perturbation (FEP), can be used to calculate the surface acid dissociation constant relative to that in the bulk. These simulations show that nonanoic acid is less acidic at the surface compared to in the bulk solution with a pK a shift of 1.1 ± 0.6, yielding a predicted surface pK a of 5.9 ± 0.6. A thermodynamic cycle for nonanoic acid and its conjugate base between the air/water interface and the bulk phase can therefore be established. Furthermore, the effect of salts, namely NaCl, on the surface activity of protonated and deprotonated forms of nonanoic acid is also examined. Interestingly, salts cause both a decrease in the bulk pK a of nonanoic acid and a stabilization of both the protonated and deprotonated forms at the surface. Overall, these results suggest that the deprotonated medium-chain fatty acids under ocean conditions can also be present within the sea surface microlayer (SSML) present at the ocean/atmosphere interface due to the stabilization effect of the salts in the ocean. This allows the transfer of these species into sea spray aerosols (SSAs). More generally, we present a framework with which the behavior of partially soluble species at the air/water interface can be predicted from surface adsorption models and the surface pK a can be predicted from MD simulations
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Revealing the Impacts of Chemical Complexity on Submicrometer Sea Spray Aerosol Morphology
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) ejected through bursting bubbles at the ocean surface is a complex mixture of salts and organic species. Submicrometer SSA particles have long atmospheric lifetimes and play a critical role in the climate system. Composition impacts their ability to form marine clouds, yet their cloud-forming potential is difficult to study due to their small size. Here, we use large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations as a "computational microscope" to provide never-before-seen views of 40 nm model aerosol particles and their molecular morphologies. We investigate how increasing chemical complexity impacts the distribution of organic material throughout individual particles for a range of organic constituents with varying chemical properties. Our simulations show that common organic marine surfactants readily partition between both the surface and interior of the aerosol, indicating that nascent SSA may be more heterogeneous than traditional morphological models suggest. We support our computational observations of SSA surface heterogeneity with Brewster angle microscopy on model interfaces. These observations indicate that increased chemical complexity in submicrometer SSA leads to a reduced surface coverage by marine organics, which may facilitate water uptake in the atmosphere. Our work thus establishes large-scale MD simulations as a novel technique for interrogating aerosols at the single-particle level
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Acidity across the interface from the ocean surface to sea spray aerosol.
Aerosols impact climate, human health, and the chemistry of the atmosphere, and aerosol pH plays a major role in the physicochemical properties of the aerosol. However, there remains uncertainty as to whether aerosols are acidic, neutral, or basic. In this research, we show that the pH of freshly emitted (nascent) sea spray aerosols is significantly lower than that of sea water (approximately four pH units, with pH being a log scale value) and that smaller aerosol particles below 1 μm in diameter have pH values that are even lower. These measurements of nascent sea spray aerosol pH, performed in a unique ocean-atmosphere facility, provide convincing data to show that acidification occurs "across the interface" within minutes, when aerosols formed from ocean surface waters become airborne. We also show there is a correlation between aerosol acidity and dissolved carbon dioxide but no correlation with marine biology within the seawater. We discuss the mechanisms and contributing factors to this acidity and its implications on atmospheric chemistry