CD36 deficiency attenuates experimental mycobacterial infection

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Members of the CD36 scavenger receptor family have been implicated as sensors of microbial products that mediate phagocytosis and inflammation in response to a broad range of pathogens. We investigated the role of CD36 in host response to mycobacterial infection.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Experimental <it>Mycobacterium bovis </it>Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection in <it>Cd36^+/+</it>and <it>Cd36^-/-</it>mice, and <it>in vitro </it>co-cultivation of <it>M. tuberculosis</it>, BCG and <it>M. marinum </it>with <it>Cd36^+/+</it>and <it>Cd36^-/-</it>murine macrophages.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Using an <it>in vivo </it>model of BCG infection in <it>Cd36^+/+</it>and <it>Cd36^-/-</it>mice, we found that mycobacterial burden in liver and spleen is reduced (83% lower peak splenic colony forming units, p < 0.001), as well as the density of granulomas, and circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels in <it>Cd36^-/-</it>animals. Intracellular growth of all three mycobacterial species was reduced in <it>Cd36^-/-</it>relative to wild type <it>Cd36^+/+</it>macrophages <it>in vitro</it>. This difference was not attributable to alterations in mycobacterial uptake, macrophage viability, rate of macrophage apoptosis, production of reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen species, TNF or interleukin-10. Using an <it>in vitro </it>model designed to recapitulate cellular events implicated in mycobacterial infection and dissemination <it>in vivo </it>(i.e., phagocytosis of apoptotic macrophages containing mycobacteria), we demonstrated reduced recovery of viable mycobacteria within <it>Cd36^-/-</it>macrophages.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Together, these data indicate that CD36 deficiency confers resistance to mycobacterial infection. This observation is best explained by reduced intracellular survival of mycobacteria in the <it>Cd36^-/-</it>macrophage and a role for CD36 in the cellular events involved in granuloma formation that promote early bacterial expansion and dissemination.</p

Development of a vaccine against AIDS based on SIV Tat

Tat protein (Trans Activator of Transcription) is essential for efficient lentiviral transcription and completion of a lytic infection. During lentiviral infection, Tat is found both inside cells and in the extracellular medium, and extracellular Tat is responsible for some disease symptoms and toxicity during lentiviral infection. The mode of action of Tat makes it a good target for immunisation that would generate both humoral and cellular immune responses, while specific interdiction of the extracellular protein could alleviate some deleterious phenomena attributed to Tat. In the course of this study, the immunogenic potential of recombinant Tat protein from SIVmac32H(J5) was evaluated in BalbC mice and in Rhesus macaque monkeys. Recombinant Tat was initially expressed in very low amounts in E. coli, but optimisation of the Tat coding sequence for translation in the bacterial host significantly improved protein expression. Aiming to purify Tat on the basis of the affinity tag Pk (engineered on the recombinant Tat protein), a method for Pk-affinity purification was successfully developed and is available for general use. When evaluated in animal immunisation studies, Tat protein was shown to be immunogenic in the absence of a carrier or adjuvant. Furthermore, Tat generated immune responses to poorly immunogenic proteins physically linked to it, with evidence for Tₕ1-type responses in mice. There was even a suggestion that Tat was modifying the established function of the adjuvant alum towards the development of antigen-specific Tₕ1-type responses. Tat showed potential as an antigen in a lentiviral vaccine that would induce antibody and Tₕ1 responses. Furthermore, Tat being able to generate T ₕ1- type responses to co-administered antigens would be a very useful antigen carrier to generate immunity against pathogens that are cleared by Tₕ1 -based immunity