Majority-rule consensus tree of the 900 post-burnin trees from the BayesPhylogenies analysis.

<p>Metabolic rates and population codes of individuals are presented at tree tips. Population codes correspond to: CD  =  Cape Davis, KA  =  Katedraal, KD  =  Kildalkey Bay, MP  =  Mixed Pickle, SW  =  Swartkops Point, TR  =  Trypot Beach. Branch lengths (shown by the scale bar in the bottom-left of the figure) are averages over the length of the branch in the trees in which it appeared.</p

Harmonic mean of log likelihood values of metabolic rate and DNA mutation rate correlation tests.

<p>All tests performed in BayesTraits on the springtail <i>Cryptopygus antarcticus travei</i> from sub-Antarctic Marion Island.</p

Haplotype network for the mtDNA <i>cox1</i> dataset for <i>Cryptopygus antarcticus travei</i> from Marion Island.

<p>Each large circle represents a unique haplotype and each line represents one mutational step. Numbers in parentheses indicate haplotype frequency (when >1), while ‘’ indicates an inferred or missing haplotype. Shading indicates whether individuals with that haplotype have low (<0.010 µlO₂.µg⁻¹.hr⁻¹; white), medium (0.0010≤<i>x</i>≤0.0020 µlO₂.µg⁻¹.hr⁻¹; light grey) or high (>0.0020 µlO₂.µg⁻¹.hr⁻¹; dark grey) metabolic rates. This figure is not to scale.</p

Geographic locations on Marion Island referred to in the text.

<p>Inset: Marion Island's location in the Indian Ocean.</p

Bar-graph of metabolic rate categories.

<p>Metabolic rate data is grouped into three roughly equal-sized categories corresponding to ‘low’ (<0.0010 µlO₂.µg⁻¹.hr⁻¹; n = 17; light grey bars), ‘medium’ (0.0010≤<i>x</i>≤0.0020 µlO₂.µg⁻¹.hr⁻¹; n = 11; medium grey bars), and ‘high’ (>0.0020 µlO₂.µg⁻¹.hr⁻¹; n = 17; dark grey bars).</p

PCA analyses by environment for <i>Pristionchus pacificus</i>.

<p>Principal Component Analysis (PCA) performed using the adegenet package in R to seek a summary of the genetic diversity, and its relationship to environmental factors, in <i>P. pacificus</i> on La Réunion Island. Results represented based on: (a) geography (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0087317#pone-0087317-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0087317#pone-0087317-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a> for location codes); (b) ecozone (‘eco’ = ecozone); (c) altitude (‘alt’ = altitude); and (d) beetle host (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0087317#pone-0087317-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a> for beetle codes). In each case, axes 1 and 2 did not show clear differentiation among populations, hence PCAs of axes 1 and 3 are shown.</p

SDMs of <i>Pristionchus pacificus</i> and its beetle hosts using DIVA-GIS.

<p>(a) Species distribution models for: (i) <i>P. pacificus,</i> and (ii-v) its beetle hosts: (ii) <i>Adoretus</i> sp., (iii) <i>Hoplochelus marginalis,</i> (iv) <i>Hoplia retusa,</i> and (v) <i>Oryctes borbonicus,</i> on La Réunion Island, draped over a topographical surface at 2.5 arc minute resolution, using the program DIVA-GIS and all bioclimatic variables (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0087317#pone-0087317-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>). Panel (a) demonstrates the geographic distribution of theoretical suitable habitat, with the legend indicating presence probabilities for <i>P. pacificus</i> over five levels in a linear series; level 1 represents the minimum probability value of <i>P. pacificus</i> presence and level 5, the maximum probability presence value, according to a ‘percentile envelope’ based on the various climate variables in the model (for example, category 1 =  low (0–2.5 percentile) indicates a low presence probability of <i>P. pacificus</i>, where dark green areas on the map are those corresponding to climate envelope outliers (in the <2.5 and >97.5 percentile). Species distribution points are indicated with black circles in each case, and Panel (a)(i) shows location codes for all maps. (b) Climatic patterns for La Réunion Island draped over a topographical surface at 2.5 arc minute resolution using the program DIVA-GIS, illustrating the hottest (maximum temperature of warmest month >25°C) and driest (precipitation of driest quarter <150 mm) areas (in red). Panels show individual species distributions (coloured circles) for: (i) <i>P. pacificus,</i> and (ii-v) its beetle hosts: (ii) <i>Adoretus</i> sp., (iii) <i>H. marginalis,</i> (iv) <i>H. retusa,</i> and (v) <i>O. borbonicus</i>. Panel (a)(i) shows the location codes for all maps.</p

Sampling sites and statistics of genetic variation.

<p>Sampling sites and statistics of genetic variation for <i>Pristionchus pacificus</i> populations on La Réunion Island at 19 microsatellite loci for STR datasets: (a) ecozone; (b) geography; (c) altitude; (d) beetle host; and (e) genetic cluster. In all cases, n – sample size; He – expected heterozygosity; T_H – Theta H; An – number of alleles; As – allelic size range; s.d. - standard deviation. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0087317#pone-0087317-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a> for population codes.</p

Bioclimatic variables.

<p>Bioclimatic variables used for <i>Pristionchus pacificus s</i>pecies distribution models in the programs DIVA-GIS and MAXENT. Variables (sourced from: Worldclim ver. 1.3, October 2004; <a href="http://www.worldclim.org/" target="_blank">http://www.worldclim.org/</a>) are derived from tmean, tmin, tmax and prec (average monthly mean, minimum and maximum temperature, and average monthly precipitation, respectively).</p

Analysis of molecular variance.

<p>ANOVA results for the partitioning of genetic diversity among <i>Pristionchus pacificus</i> La Réunion populations over four separate tests, where populations are defined by beetle, altitude, geographic location or ecozone.Df – degrees of freedom; SS – sum of squares; Var – variance component among populations; % - percentage of variation among populations (NB: the percentage of variation within populations = 1-%); all results are statistically significant (<i>P</i><0.001).</p