Death by electrocution: a retrospective analysis of three medico-legal mortuaries in the eThekwini district of KwaZulu Natal from 2006 to 2016.

Background: Electrocution is a well-documented cause of unnatural death globally. Identification of demographic and spatial trends in developed countries has assisted in highlighting contributing factors and identifying areas at risk. This information and the appropriate institution of changes have proven worthwhile in reducing fatalities internationally. Less developed countries have shown increasing trends in electrocution fatalities related to rural-urban migration and growing electricity demand. Additional challenges plaguing such countries include illegal electricity connections and load shedding. The association of such issues to electrocution deaths have been sparsely explored. There remains a paucity of information regarding electrocution fatalities in South Africa and Africa as a whole. A general trend of increasing electrocution fatalities referred for medico-legal autopsy was observed at three medico-legal mortuaries in the eThekwini district of Kwa Zulu Natal, South Africa, from 2006 to 2016. Objectives This study aimed to analyse the epidemiology, characteristics and trends of deaths resulting from electrocutions. Methods. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted. Fatal non-lightning electrocutions autopsied at three medico-legal mortuaries in the eThekwini district over an 11year period, from 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2016, were analysed. Data sources included clinician notes, emergency services documentation, scene scripts including South African Police Services(SAPS) 180 form completed by SAPS representatives, postmortem and histology reports, toxicology reports from Forensic Toxicology unit, contemporaneous notes, postmortem death registers, daily listings of postmortem case allocations and electronic postmortem databases. Data were collated and categorised on an Excel spreadsheet and then analysed on statistical package STATA 13 (Stata Corp, TX, USA). 12 Results: There were 512 non-lightning electrocution fatalities from 1 st January 2006 to 31st December 2016. The trend of electrocutions indicates a general increase in cases from 2006, reaching a peak in 2013 followed by a gradual decrease until 2016. Most fatal electrocutions occurred in domestic environments amongst males in the third and fourth decade of life. However, a bimodal distribution showed a considerable number of electrocutions under 10 years of age, predominantly amongst females. The largest number of electrocutions were admitted to the chief medico-legal mortuary servicing the metro, Gale Street mortuary (43,95%). However, the highest concentration of cases was observed in Tongaat, a suburb on the outskirts of the metro. This contributed to the highest prevalence of electrocution cases (1,25% of all electrocution cases) being admitted to the Phoenix medico-legal mortuary, which serves predominantly Northern eThekwini, including Tongaat, and which lies on the fringe of the metro. Deaths from electrocution tend to occur mainly during the midday period, during the weekends, and commonly during the summer months. Injuries associated with fatal electrocutions in all age groups studied generally affected the extremities and predominantly involved the upper limbs. Blood alcohol concentrations were established in just over a quarter of cases and were mostly negative. Conclusion: Electrocution is an easily preventable unnatural death that remains poorly documented and analysed, especially in developing countries, with a paucity of studies in South Africa. Preventative measures and protocols cannot be generalised amongst populations. An appreciation of the demographic and temporal trends of electrocutions is crucial in order to institute preventative policy

Risk and Return Money Saving di Reksadana dan Bank Digital

In the era of the industrial revolution 4.0, as it is now, digitizing the banking and financial sector is important, considering that technological disruption has touched almost all aspects of life. In the world of investment and banking, the system used is already digital-based. The financial literacy level of the Indonesian people in 2022 will increase to 49.68%. This means that people are now smarter when it comes to choosing the financial products they will use. Currently, many financial institutions offer the advantages of each product by offering quite competitive returns. As an effort to increase public literacy, this study intends to compare the two financial products, namely mutual funds in seed applications and financial products at Bank Neo Commerce (BNC). The methodology used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The results of this study state that mutual funds and money savings at BNC both have advantages in terms of features and convenience. However, both have differences in the returns offered and the risks borne. Where digital banks offer greater returns with a lower level of risk. Interestingly, investment activities have the concept of compounding interest which has the possibility of obtaining much greater returns on the condition that the investment period is extended

EFFECT OF ENERGY SUPPLEMENTATION FROM BY-PRODUCT FEED PELLETS ON PRODUCTIVITY AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION OF CATTLE GRAZING STOCKPILED CRESTED WHEATGRASS (Agropyron cristatum L.)

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of source (experiment 1), frequency, and level (experiments 2 and 3) of energy supplementation on performance, forage utilization and intake, productivity, rumen fermentation, and nutrient digestibility of growing beef cattle fed stockpiled forage. In experiment 1 (EXP1) and experiment 2 (EXP2), 45 cross bred yearling steers were managed on stockpiled crested wheatgrass pasture over 70 days during summer/fall of 2011 and 2012. Steers were stratified by IBW (EXP1 = 334±1.2 kg; EXP2 = 358±1.8 kg) and allocated randomly to 1 of 9 crested wheatgrass pastures (5 steers/pasture). Each pasture was randomly assigned to 1 of 3 replicated (n = 3) treatments. In EXP1, two isonitrogenous and isocaloric by-product feed pellets that differed in starch and degradable fiber content were used in one of three supplementation strategies: 1) no supplement (CON), or supplemented at 0.6 % of BW with 2) low starch/high fibre (LS/HF) pellet (40.3% starch; 29.5% NDF DM basis) pellet, or 3) high starch/low fibre (HS/LF; 48.6% starch; 22.8% NDF DM basis) pellet. In EXP2 a by-product feed pellet was formulated to provide ruminal and post-ruminal energy (30.3 % NDF; 32.0 % starch; 7.2 % fat) supplementation strategies included: 1) daily (DLY) supplementation at 0.6 % of BW, 2) low-alternate (LA) supplementation at 0.9 % of BW, and 3) high-alternate (HA) supplementation at 1.2 % of BW. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of treatment on forage utilization in either experiment. In EXP 1, final BW and ADG were not different (P > 0.05) between LS/HF (435 kg; 1.4 kg d-1) and HS/LF (439 kg; 1.5 kg d-1). However, supplemented cattle had higher (P 0.05) was observed for final BW and ADG among DLY (435 kg; 1.1 kg d-1), LA (424 kg; 0.9 kg d-1), and HA (428 kg; 1.0 kg d-1). Production costs were reduced by 23 % with alternate supplementation and LA had 19 % less production costs than HA. In experiment three (EXP 3), four ruminally cannulated beef heifers were individually fed a stockpiled grass hay and offered the same pelleted supplement as in EXP2. Treatments consisted of 4 supplementation strategies: 1) no supplement (CON), 2) daily (DLY) supplementation at 0.6% BW, 3) low-alternate (LA) supplementation at 0.9 % of BW, and 4) high-alternate (HA) supplementation at 1.2 % of BW. Forage intake, rumen fermentation parameters, and apparent total tract digestibility were measured. Three data sets were analyzed: 1) overall (average of all collection days), 2) day of supplementation (DS) and 3) non-supplementation day (NSD) for alternating treatments. Overall, hay DMI (kg d-1) was lower (P = 0.04) for DLY (7.1) vs. CON (8.1), but no different (P ≥ 0.11) for DLY vs. LA (6.9), or vs. HA (6.4). On DS, hay DMI (kg d-1) of DLY (7.3) differed (P < 0.05) vs. HA (6.0), but was not different (P = 0.16) vs. LA (6.4). On NSD, hay DMI (kg d-1) of DLY (7.0) was not different (P ≥ 0.48) to those of LA (7.3) and HA (6.9). Overall, total VFA concentration (mM) was lower (P < 0.01) for CON (69.2) vs. DLY (77.1); but not different (P ≥ 0.45) for DLY vs. LA (75.8) or HA (75.1). Rumen NH3 (mg/dL) was lower (P < 0.01) for CON (3.4) and higher (P < 0.01) for LA (5.8) vs. DLY (4.6), but not different (P = 0.37) for DLY vs. HA (4.3). Overall, ruminal pH was lower (P ≤ 0.04) for DLY (6.65) vs. CON (6.75) and HA (6.72), but similar (P = 0.18) for DLY vs. LA (6.70). On DS, ruminal pH was lower (P = 0.04) for HA (6.59) vs. DLY (6.64), but higher (P < 0.01) on NSD for HA (6.85) vs. DLY (6.67). Apparent DM, OM and GE digestibility coefficients were lower (P ≤ 0.03) for CON and LA vs. DLY, but no difference (P ≥ 0.36) for DLY vs. HA. These results indicate that beef steers grazing stockpiled crested wheatgrass were limited in energy intake and that supplementation of metabolizable energy improved animal performance regardless of the source of energy. Reducing the frequency of energy supplementation and level offered on alternate days do not affect animal performance and reduces the production costs of the system. Negative effects of alternate day supplementation on forage intake and rumen fermentation are reduced when a lower level is offered relative to simply doubling the daily amount of supplement

Islandora: Creating and Sustaining an Open Source Community

Three years have passed since the formation of the Islandora Foundation was announced at Open Repositories 2013. Since that time, the project has welcomed more than two dozen supporting institutions, hosted Islandora Camps all over the world, and completed four fully community-driven software releases with dozens of new modules built and contributed by the Islandora community. The Islandora project has made the journey from a grant-funded project incubated in a university library, to a vibrant and global community facilitated by a non-profit that exists only by symbiosis with the community it serves. This presentation will provide a general overview of that journey, the current status of the Islandora project (including Islandora CLAW) and community. As the Islandora Foundation enters its fourth year, with a staff of two and a truly community-driven development process, membership in the Islandora Foundation provides the shared governance structure that allows for a sustainable open source repository platform for the GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) community

LEVEL AND SOURCE OF FAT IN THE DIET OF BEEF COWS

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of fat and the type of fatty acid (MUFA vs. PUFA) inclusion in the diet of beef cows during the pre- and postpartum period on the performance of the dam and the progeny. In study 1, replicated over three years, 36 second- and third-calving lactating Angus cows were stratified by BW (554±15.5 kg) and days postpartum (38±1.5 d), and randomly assigned to 9 paddocks (4 cows/paddock) where cows grazed cool-season grass (CSG) pastures (12.5±2.5% CP and 56.5±2.9% TDN). Each paddock was randomly assigned to one of three replicated treatments: a non-supplemented control (CON), and two supplemented (SUP) treatments where cows were offered either a canola seed (CAN) or a flaxseed (FLX) based pellet targeting 300 g/cow/d of supplemental fat (EE) over 42 d. Data were analyzed as a RCBD with contrasts for the effect of fat supplementation (CON vs. SUP) and source (CAN vs. FLX). Results indicate that CON had greater (P=0.01) forage utilization and tended (P=0.08) to have greater estimated forage DMI compared to SUP, while no difference (P≥0.76) was observed between CAN and FLX. At the end of the trial, all treatments resulted in positive ADG, maintained or increased BCS and SCFT, and reduced serum NEFA concentration with no difference (P≥0.20) among treatments. No differences (P≥0.12) were observed for pregnancy rate, calving distribution and calving to calving interval. In study 2, replicated over 2 years, 75 multiparous (≥3 calving) pregnant Angus cows were stratified by BW (663±21.5 kg) and BCS (2.6±0.12), and randomly assigned to 15 outdoor pens. Subsequently, each pen was randomly assigned to one of three (n=5) treatments: a low-fat diet (LF; 1.4±0.12% EE) and two high-fat diets (HF; 3.3±0.20% EE) which included a CAN or a FLX pelleted feeds similar to those used in study 1. Diets were formulated to meet the requirements of pregnant beef cows during the last two trimesters of gestation (183±4.8 d), and offered such that each pen on average received similar amounts of DE (31.2±2.8 Mcal/cow/d), CP (1.36±0.13 kg/cow/d), and DM (12.9±1.0 kg/cow/d). Data were analyzed as RCBD with contrasts for the effects of level (LF vs. HF) and source (CAN vs. FLX) of fat. After 160 d on trial, conceptus corrected-BW (CC-BW) of LF cows (708 kg) and the proportion of over conditioned cows (13.2%) were greater (P≤0.04) than those of HF, with no difference (P≥0.84) between CAN and FLX. Feeding FLX diet over gestation resulted in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) with greater (P≤0.01) concentration of CLnA (0.12 vs. 0.05%) and n-3 (0.58 vs. 0.37%) fatty acids, and a tendency (P=0.09) for CLA concentration (1.05 vs. 0.88%) to be greater when compared to CAN diet. By the end of gestation, serum NEFA concentration of LF cows (592 μEq/L) was lower (P<0.01) than that of HF cows, and FLX cows had greater (P<0.01) serum NEFA concentration than CAN cows (636 vs. 961 μEq/L). Cows receiving the LF diet over gestation gave birth to lighter (P≤0.01) calves compared to those receiving the HF diets (40.2 vs. 42.9 kg), with no difference (P=0.24) between calves born to CAN and FLX cows. No differences (P≥0.21) were found for BW or calving to weaning ADG of cows. The average BCS during the first 42 d of lactation was greater (P<0.01) for LF compared to HF (2.63 vs. 2.51) with no difference (P=0.35) for CAN vs. FLX cows. Subcutaneous fat thickness over the 12/13th ribs was greater (P≤0.01) for LF compared to that of HF cows at calving (5.7 vs. 4.3 mm) and at weaning (4.3 vs. 3.7 mm) with no difference (P≥0.11) between CAN and FLX cows. Over the first 42 d of lactation, no difference (P≥0.23) was observed for 12-h milk yield. However, milk protein concentration was greater (P=0.03) for CAN compared to FLX (3.11 vs. 3.01%) cows while no difference (P≥0.28) was observed for any other milk component. Milk fat from FLX cows had greater (P<0.01) CLA and CLnA concentrations than that of CAN cows during the first 42 d of lactation. Pregnancy rate of HF cows (95.4%) tended (P=0.07) to be greater than that of LF cows with no difference (P=0.77) between CAN and FLX cows. From calving to weaning, ADG of calves born to CAN cows was greater (P=0.03) than that of calves born to FLX cows (1.19 vs. 1.13 kg/d) with no difference (P=0.18) between calves born to LF and HF cows. At slaughter, progeny of HF cows had greater (P≤0.03) shrunk BW (605 vs. 579 kg) and HCW (355 vs. 339 kg) compared to those from LF cows with no difference (P ≥ 0.16) between progeny of CAN and FLX cows. Expression of evaluated genes in muscle tissue of male calves was not significantly affected by either the level or source of dietary fat during gestation. These results indicate that reproductive performance of lactating young beef cows was not affected by the level or source of fat in their diet likely as a result of sufficient good quality pastures. On the contrary, a prepartum high-fat diet tended to increase the pregnancy rate of beef cows at the end of the breeding season. Also, a prepartum high-fat diet resulted in a reduced amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the dam but heavier calves at birth, which suggests a partitioning of the ME dependant on the type of dietary energy. Moreover, a high-fat diet during gestation resulted in improved birth to slaughter performance and superior HCW at slaughter of the progeny

The characteristics of consumers and producers using farmers’ markets

This study examines the perceptions of both consumers and producers towards farmers’ markets. Consumer perceptions are generalized from several previous studies conducted throughout the United States. Producer information was gathered through a survey of members of one farmers’ market in Arkansas. Previous studies, conducted in both rural and urban areas, indicate that the typical famers’ market customer is well educated and is of higher than average income. These consumers place great importance on quality of produce, knowledge that produce is grown locally, and the social interaction obtained through the farmers’ market experience. For producers, the farmers’ market is an important outlet for produce and in many cases accounts for all of their produce sales. The survey results suggest that there is an interest in expansion on the part of many producers and that additional acreage is available for growing produce crops. In addition to providing a market outlet, producers also benefit from the social dimension of the market