Weight and food competition capacity in offspring

<p>Birds were weighed within an hour after hatching and at eight days of age. Food competition capacity was estimated as the percentage of time in which each individual occupied the feeder in a pair-wise competition test. The data were analysed with ANOVA, using breed and parental treatment as fixed independent variables. Data (LS Means±SEM) with different superscripts in the table differ significantly at p<0.05.</p

Figure 2

<p>Correlations between magnitude of differential expression of genes between parents and offspring. Diagrams show M-values for the differential expression (comparing stressed vs control parents, and offspring of stressed vs offspring of control parents) of the 500 most differentially expressed genes (largest log₂ difference caused by stress in parents) in (a) red junglefowl, and (b) White Leghorns. Each point represents one spot on the microarray. Positive M-values indicate upregulation and negative downregulation by stress (or by having stressed parents). The average correlation line is shown in both comparisons.</p

Numbers of genes in parents and offspring brains showing differential expression caused by stress applied to parents.

<p>M-value is the log₂ of the difference in expression level, and B-value is the log odds ratio of expression levels; the B-value estimates the certainty of DE vs non-certainty of DE. Common criteria for significant expression is that M>1 and B>0.</p

Real-time RT-PCR data for nine genes selected for verification of microarray results

<p>Because of the low number of biological replicates, no valid p-values could be estimated, so a gene with M>1 was considered to be differentially expressed in this analysis. All genes with M>1 showed the same direction of regulation (up or down-regulated by stress treatment) as on the microarray. The nine genes were selected based on their high M- and B-values in the microarray analysis. Relative expression levels (M-values) were estimated using β-actin as an internal control. Negative M-values indicate that the expression level was higher in control than in stress birds.</p

Genes differentially expressed both in White Leghorn parents and offspring.

<p>The table shows the 10 genes with highest differential expression in WL offspring, out of those which were among the 100 most differentially expressed genes in both WL parents and offspring. Negative M-values indicate that the expression level was higher in control than in stress birds.</p