A macroecological study of Caribbean parrotfishes

IPhD ThesisParrotfishes contribute to more than 80% of the biomass of herbivorous fishes in the Caribbean and they have been the dominant grazers on reefs since 1983. Maintaining healthy parrotfish populations is essential to help conserve benthic habitat cover which is suitable for the settlement and growth of reef building corals. However, the key environmental factors that currently affect local parrotfish abundance and population structure are scarcely known. Many reef studies are constrained to a limited geographical scale which may not be applicable at larger spatial scales. Parrotfish data across the wider Caribbean will help to overcome such issues. This study investigates three relationships including parrotfish density and benthic habitat variables (Chapter 2); parrotfish density and fishing pressure (fisher density, human population, MPA protection) (Chapter 3); and parrotfish size at sex change and fishing pressure (Chapter 4). Fish and benthic habitat surveys at 7 to 15 sites were conducted in each of eight Caribbean countries including Antigua, Bonaire, Barbados, Curaçao, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Parrotfish abundance was positively correlated with coral cover and negatively correlated with macroalgal cover. Parrotfish abundance had a significant correlation with reef complexity (Chapter 2). Different sizes of parrotfish were associated with different habitats (Chapter 2). Fishing is likely to have reduced fish numerical abundance and biomass even at Caribbean scale (Chapter 3). While parrotfish biomass was significantly higher within MPAs, parrotfish numerical density was not significantly different (Chapter 3). The density of terminal parrotfish was significantly different (Chapter 4). Furthermore, fishing pressure was significantly correlated with the size at which phase change between initial and terminal phases occurs (Chapter 4). This research demonstrates the major drivers of Caribbean parrotfish abundance and biomass which may help inform management of parrotfish and promote further coral reef ecosystem recovery.The Indonesian Government’s Directorate General of Research and Higher Education Resources, Ministry for Research and Higher Education (formerly Ministry for Education and Culture)

PRODUKSI SERASAH (GUGURAN DAUN) PADA BERBAGAI JENIS MANGROVE DI BANGKALAN

This research was conducted on July to September 2009. Mangrove litterfall were trapped with 30 litter traps which were plotted under mangrove canopy 1.5 m above the ground, hence the traps were avoided from tide. In this research, we use Rhizopora mucronata, Rhizopora apiculata and Bruguera sp. 10 litter traps were used on each species. Litter traps were made from polyetilen with size of 1x1x0,5 m3. Mangrove litterfall were collected every two weeks for 3 months. The production rate of mangrove litterfall in Bangkalan were 4.08-18.38 g/tree/day. The fastest production rate of mangrove litterfall was found on Rhizopora mucronata with 64.56%, followed by Rhizopora apiculata and  Brugueira sp with 24.32% and 11.12%, respectively. Key Words : mangrove litterfall, Bangkalan, Rhizopora

KANDUNGAN LOGAM BERAT PADA AIR DAN SEDIMEN DI PERAIRAN SOCAH DAN KWANYAR KABUPATEN BANGKALAN

Logam berat sangat berbahaya bagi biota laut maupun trofik level diatasnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan logam berat di perairan Socah dan Kwanyar kabupaten Bangkalan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama 3 bulan. Pengambilan sampel air menggunakan botol sampel, sedangkan pengambilan sampel sedimen menggunakan grab sampler. Sampel kemudian dianalisa dengan spektrofotometer serapan atom (SSA). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kandungan logam berat Cd, Cu, Pb, dan Hg pada air di perairan Socah dan Kwanyar masih dibawah ambang batas baku mutu air laut, sedangkan kandungan logam berat di sedimen melebihi ambang batas baku mutu air laut untuk biota laut. Secara umum, kandungan logam berat di sedimen lebih tinggi dari pada kandungan logam berat di air. Kata Kunci : Logam berat, Pencemaran, Spektrophotometer  HEAVY METALS CONTENTS IN WATER AND SEDIMENT IN KWANYAR AND SOCAH WATER, BANGKALANHeavy metals are very dangerous for marine life as well as the trophic level above. This study aims to determine the content of heavy metals in the waters Socah and Kwanyar Bangkalan. This study was conducted over 3 months. Water sampled using a sample bottle, while sediment samples was taken using a grab sampler. The sample was then analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Results showed that the content of heavy metals Cd, Cu, Pb and Hg in the water in the Socah and Kwanyar waters still below the seawater quality standard limits, whereas the heavy metal content in sediments exceeded the water quality standard for marine sea. In general, the content of heavy metals in sediment is higher than on the water.Keywords: Heavy metals, Pollution, AA

KAJIAN KONSENTRASI TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID (TSS) DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP KUALITAS PERAIRAN DALAM UPAYA PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN PESISIR DI KABUPATEN BANGKALAN

Total Suspended Solid (TSS) merupakan salah satu indikator fisika yang penting dalam memahami kondisi perairan maupun lingkungan pesisir. Konsentrasi maupun sebaran TSS akan berpengaruh terhadap penetrasi cahaya matahari ke perairan, sehingga akan berimplikasi terhadap proses fotosintesis yang pada akhirnya akan berpengaruh terhadap kualitas dan produktifitas perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi dan sebaran Total Suspended Solid (TSS) serta pengaruhnya terhadap kualitas perairan. Selanjutnya, kondisi ini akan berpengaruh terhadap upaya pengelolaan kawasan pesisir, tidak hanya dikaitkan dengan perikanan, tapi juga sumberdaya manusia. Materi utama yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah contoh air dan data parameter lingkungan yang diambil pada 7 stasiun pada bulan Agustus 2015 di Perairan Selat Madura, Kabupaten Bangkalan. Metode gravimetric (SNI-06-6989.3-2004) digunakan untuk analisa Total Suspended Solid (TSS). Data parameter lingkungan dianalisa secara deskripitf. Analisa TSS menunjukkan nilai yang berbeda pada beberapa stasiun penelitian. Kondisi lingkungan menunjukkan kecepatan arus dan tinggi gelombang relatif kecil, kecerahan perairan 70-85%, suhu berkisar 29-330C, dan salinitas 30-35 ppt. Kondisi parameter lingkungan ini menunjukkan bahwa lokasi penelitian merupakan daerah dengan kondisi perairan yang bagus. Kondisi lingkungan menjadi dasar penting dalam pengelolaan kawasan lingkungan pesisir sebagai upaya dalam menjaga keberlanjutan lingkungan. Kata Kunci : Total Suspended Solid (TSS), parameter lingkungan, pengelolaan kawasan lingkungan pesisi

MIKROPLASTIK PADA BULU BABI DARI RATAAN TERUMBU PULAU GILI LABAK SUMENEP

ABSTRACTMikroplastic is a fragment of plastic that have size less than 5 mm. Microplastic mainly came from plactic debris as the result of degradation. The research about mikroplastic on sea urchine, water and sedimen had been done on Gili Labak Island Waters, Sumenep Regency, East Java. The purpose of this research is to know the amount, weight, and the type of microplastic on Gili Labak Island Waters and the correlation between each type of samples. The method that were used are random sampling and then laboratorium analyse. The part that had been tested on sea urchin are the gut which then add with KOH 10% as much as three times the sample weigh. The sample tha net using paper net for 100 sea water. For sedimen taken 50gr and added with NaCl as much as three times the weigh of the sample. The result from the netting than observe on stereo microscope to determine the type and the amount and then weighted on analytical scale. The result that obtained are the amount of microplastic on water are 189 particles with weight of 0,656gr, on sediment obtain 130 particle with weight of 0,0402gr and on sea urchin obtained 155 particle with weight of 0,0757gr. The types of microplastic that had been found are fragment, fiber, microfiber and film. From the anova test it happened to be know the signivicance value of both sample are above 0,05 which showed the difference between microplastic on each sample.Key words: Gili Labak, Bulu Babi, mikroplastikABSTRAKMikroplastik merupakan potongan plastik yang memiliki ukuran kuranag dari 5 mm. Mikroplastik sendiri umumnya berasal dari sampah plastik yang mengalami degradasi.. Penelitian terhadap mikroplastik pada bulu babi, air dan sedimen di dilakukan di Perairan Pulau Gili Labak, Kabupaten Sumenep, Jawa Timur. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jumlah, berat dan jenis mikroplastik yang ada di perarian di Pulau Gili Labak dan hubungan antara mikroplastik pada masing-masing jenis sampel. Metode yang digunakan dalam mengambil sampel adalah random sampling, kemudian dilakukan analisa laboratorium. Pada bulu babi yang dianalisa adalah bagian sistem pencernaan yang kemudian ditambahkan KOH 10% sebanyak 3x berat sampel. Pada sampel air dilakukan penyaringan secara langung dengan kertas saring terhadap 100ml air laut. Untuk sedimen diambil sebanyak 50gr dan ditambahkan NaCl pekat sebanyak 3xberat sampel. Hasil penyaringan kemudian diamati pada mikroskop stereo untuk menentukan jenis dan jumlah kemudian ditimbang di neraca analitik. Hasil yang didapat adalah total mikroplastik pada air berjumlah 189 partikel dengan berat 0,646gr, pada sedimen 130 partikel dengan berat 0,0402gr dan pada bulu babi 155 partikel dengan berat 0,0757gr. Jenis mikroplastik yang ditemukan adalah fragmen, film, fiber dan mikro fiber. Dari hasil uji anova kemudian diketahui nilai significance terhadap masing-masing sampel lebih dari 0,05 yang menunjukkan adanya perbedaan antara jumlah mikroplastik pada masing-masing sampel.Kata kunci: Gili Labak, Sea Urchin, Microplastc

HUBUNGAN PERSEN PENUTUPAN LAMUN DAN STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS ECHINODERMATA DI PULAU RA’AS

ABSTRACTSeagrass beds are one of the ecosystems that support a variety of life in the sea. Various types of biota live around seagrass beds, one of which is Echinodermata. Echinodermata has a role as a detritus eater in seagrass plants. The association of Echinodermata and seagrass species can be used to see the suitability of a habitat for the existence of species that live in seagrass ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to determine the associations of Echinoderms and Seagrasses on Ra'as Island, Brakas Village, Telangoh Tengah Hamlet, Sumenep Regency, East Java. This research was conducted in November-December 2018. The method used is the quadratic method placed on the transect line with the size of each quadrant of 1x1 m. The association of Echinodermata and Seagrass relationships between Echinoderms and Seagrasses was analyzed by simple linear regression. The results showed that there were 4 species of Echinoderms and 3 species of seagrass. Diversity, uniformity and dominance of Echinoderms at each is low. The association of Echinoderms and Seagrasses showed that seagrass results and Echinodermata did not have a significant relationship. The influencing factor is that most Echinoderms found are Echinoderms, which occupy coral reef ecosystems such as Diadema sitosum, which is most often found at each station.Keywords: Seagrass, Community Structure, Relationship to Seagrasses and Echinoderms, Ra'as IslandABSTRAKPadang lamun adalah salah satu ekosistem yang menyangga berbagai kehidupan di laut. Berbagai macam biota hidup disekitar padang lamun salah satunya adalah Echinodermata. Echinodermata memiliki peranan sebagai pemakan detritus pada tumbuhan lamun. Asosiasi spesies Echinodermata dan lamun dapat digunakan untuk melihat tingkat kesesuaian suatu habitat bagi keberadaan spesies yang hidup pada ekosistem padang lamun. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui asosiasi Echinodermata dan lamun di Pulau Ra’as, Desa Brakas, Dusun Telangoh Tengah, Kabupaten Sumenep, Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan November-Desember 2018.  Metode yang digunakan metode kuadrat yang diletakkan pada garis transek dengan ukuran tiap kuadran 1x1 m. Asosiasi Echinodermata dan lamun hubungan Echinodermata dan lamun dianalisis dengan regresi linier sederhana. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 4 spesies Echinodermata dan 3 spesies lamun. Keanekaragaman, keseragaman, dan dominasi Echinodermata pada setiap stasiun adalah rendah. Asosiasi Echinodermata dan lamun menunjukkan hasil tidak memiliki hubungan yang signifikan. Faktor yang mempengaruhi adalah kebanyakan Echinodermata yang di temukan adalah Echinodermata yang menempati ekosistem terumbu karang seperti Diadema sitosum yang paling sering ditemukan pada setiap stasiun.Kata Kunci: Lamun, Struktur Komunitas, Hubungan Lamun dan Echinodermata, Pulau Ra’a

DNA Barcoding of Horseshoe Crab From Madura Island

Horseshoe crab or mimi, commonly known as horseshoe crab is an ancient animal that can live until now so it is called a living fossil. Horseschoe crab can be found in Madura, but there is no comprehensive data yet. Accurate data on horseshoe crab species is needed to determine the potential of this ancient animal, especially from the waters of Madura Island. A careful process of collecting, classifying, and identifying species as well as describing new species is still urgently needed to manage the potential of Madura’s coastal resources in a sustainable manner. Species identification is the most time-consuming, difficult, and often creates obstacles to data collection and analysis. Identification of horseshoe crab species can be carried out based on horseshoe crab morphology but it is quite complicated to do so a reliable and efficient method is needed. One of the currently developing horseshoe crab identification methods is by using molecular analysis of DNA barcoding. This research is the first attempt to identify species using DNA barcoding molecular analysis to investigate the potential of Madura Island as a source of horseshoe crab genetic diversity and is expected to be useful for the management of horseshoe crab resources. The purpose of this study is to find out the DNA of barcoding horseshoe crab species on Madura Island. Genetic marker Cytochrome Oxidase I of the mitochondrial genome DNA (mtDNA) was used to analyze genetic diversity. Reconstruction of phylogenetic tree and genetic diversity were made by using software MEGA X. Research results showed that sample closely related to Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda 99 %

APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS DAN PENGINDERAAN JAUH UNTUK PENENTUAN KONDISI DAN POTENSI KONSERVASI EKOSISTEM HUTAN MANGROVE DI KECAMATAN KWANYAR KABUPATEN BANGKALAN

Given the importance of mangrove ecosystems in supporting the preservation of coastal resources, as well as threats to the sustainablity, a research to determine current conditions and potential for conservation of mangrove ecosystem in the coastal District Kwanyar Regency Bangkalan is needed. This research combines on site observation techniques, Geographical Information System (GIS) and remote sensing to obtain accurate and the latest data. Furthermore, the data is possible to be updated. Objectives of this research are to examine the distribution of mangrove vegetations in Kwanyar District using GIS, to analyze the condition of the mangrove ecosystem based on RBI Map, Landsat Imagery, and field conditions and also to determine the areas that have potential condition as a mangrove conservation area. Methods of this research are adopted from the Ministry of Forestry in 2006. Results of this research showed that based on the RBI Map scale 1: 25.000 from 2006, Landsat imagery from 2002 and field survey on 2008, that are processed by Geographical Information System (GIS), the result showed that area covered by mangrove ecosystem in Kwanyar District are 140.76 ha and have been damaged. The data obtained from the results of scoring according to the rules issued by the Ministry of Forestry in 2006 showed that there was no area in the location that can be recommended as a conservation area. However, it can be argued that the village of Pesanggrahan has the better condition of mangrove ecosystems, therefore it has potency to be developed as a conservation area in the future. Keywords: Geographical Information System, Remote Sensing, Conservation, Mangroves

Mikroplastik dalam Kerang Darah (Anadara granosa) pada Ukuran yang Berbeda di Perairan Kwanyar Kabupaten Bangkalan Madura

Microplastic is plastic waste that has a small size of less than 5 mm. Microplastic itself has a dangerous impact due to the nature of plastic which is difficult to decompose. The purpose of this study is to determine the shape, average number and highest weight, total amount, type of microplastic polymer and comparison between sizes of Anadara granosa in locations near mangroves, river estuaries and settlements in the waters of Kwanyar Bangkalan, Madura. Microplastic analysis of Anadara granosa samples was carried out using a 10% KOH solution as much as 3x the weight of the sample. Identification of microplastics in all samples to determine their shape using a stereo microscope, followed by counting the number and weight. The predominant form of microplastic is fiber. The highest average number of microplastics in Anadara granosa was found at location near the mangrove ecosystem, namely 23.9 particles / individual at <3 cm in size and 26.8 particles / individual for shells >3 cm in size. There was a significant difference in the number of microplastics at different sizes of shells. The types of red, black and blue fiber polymers are Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate), blue film is Polypropylene and blue fragment is Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate).Mikroplastik merupakan sampah plastik yang mempunyai ukuran kecil kurang dari 5 mm. Mikroplastik sendiri memiliki dampak yang berbahaya karena sifat plastik yang susah terurai. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui bentuk, rata-rata jumlah dan berat paling tinngi, jumlah keseluruhan, jenis polimer mikroplastik serta perbandingan antar ukuran Anadara granosa pada lokasi dekat mangrove, muara sungai dan  pemukiman di Perairan Kwanyar Bangkalan Madura. Analisa mikroplastik sampel Anadara granosa dilakukan dengan menggunakan larutan KOH 10% sebanyak 3x berat sampel. Identifikasi mikroplastik pada seluruh sampel untuk menentukan bentuk menggunakan mikroskop stereo, dilanjutkan menghitung jumlah dan berat. Bentuk mikroplastik paling banyak mendominasi adalah fiber. Jumlah rata-rata mikroplastik pada Anadara granosa paling tinggi ditemukan pada lokasi dekat dengan ekosistem mangrove, yaitu 23,9 partikel/individu pada ukuran kerang <3 cm dan 26,8 partikel/individu pada kerang ukuran >3 cm. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada jumlah mikroplastik pada ukuran kerang yang berbeda. Jenis polimer fiber merah, hitam dan biru yaitu Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate), fragmen biru yaitu Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate), serta film biru yaitu Polypropylene