Use of Corn Dried Distillers Grains (DDGS) in Feeding of Ruminants

Bioethanol is the product of fermentation of starch contained in renewable resources, such as corn, wheat, rye and rice. Depending on the technology used for its production, dried distillers decoction may exist in different forms: dried distillers grain (DDG); dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) and high-protein dried distillers grains (HPDDG), as well as wet distillers grain (WDG), wet distillers grain with solubles (WDGS), and high-protein wet distillers grains HPWDG). Research conducted in recent years has demonstrated the possibilities of corn DDG as feed for livestock due to its high content of valuable protein, high calorific value and bioelements. Distillers grain has been used as feed for beef and dairy cattle, sheep, swine and poultry. In case of ruminants, it is important that distillers grain is foodstuff high in ruminal undegradable protein, with beneficial fibre content that does not cause rumen acidosis. DDGS has positive influence on milk yield and its fat and protein content. Research on rumen fermentation has proven that DDGS positively affecs processes in forestomachs: methanogenesis, ammonia emission and volatile fatty acids profile. Reprocessing of agri-food industry by-products may well be an alternative for traditional methods of feeding animals and utilizing valuable nutrients that they contain

Impact of the volume and the profile of volatile fatty acids in the rumen fermentation on cow productivity and milk composition

Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi odnose između odabranih produkata fermentacije u buragu i sastava mlijeka muznih krava. Istraživanje je provedeno na 10 krava pasmine holstein-friesian. Životinje su držane u slobodnom stajskom uzgoju i hranjene TMR-om. Produktivnost stada određena je pomoću A4 metode, a podaci o sastavu mlijeka dobiveni su iz centralnog sustava praćenja. Ferment iz buraga izuzet je pomoću želučane pumpe 2 sata nakon jutarnje hranidbe smjesom TMR. Izuzeti uzorci razrijeđeni su puferom i homogenizirani, a dobivena suspenzija je analizirana pomoću plinskog kromatografa opremljenog s FID detektorom kako bi se odredila koncentracija ukupnih, kao i udjeli pojedinačnih hlapivih masnih kiselina (VFA). Sastav mlijeka preuzet je iz zapisa sustava praćenja RW-1, a koeficijent korelacije prema Pearsonu je izračunat iz dobivenih parametara. Utvrđeno je da se odnos propionat/butirat u fermentu buraga povećava s povećanjem udjela proteina i proteinskih frakcija u mlijeku. Koeficijent iskoristivosti hlapivih masnih kiselina u fermentu buraga pokazao je pozitivnu korelaciju s udjelom proteina i negativnu korelaciju s koncentracijom kazeina u mlijeku. Procesi koji se odvijaju u kravljem buragu značajno utječu na sastav i kvalitetu mlijeka. Spoznaje o ukupnom sadržaju kao i sadržaju pojedinih hlapivih masnih kiselina omogućuju podešavanje upravljanja fermentacijom u buragu u svrhu dobivanja boljih tehnoloških svojstava mlijeka.The aim of the research was to establish relations between the selected rumen fermentation products and the milk composition in dairy cows. The experiment was conducted on 10 Polish Holstein-Friesian cows of black and white variety. The animals were kept in the free stall housing system and fed with the total mixed ration (TMR). The herd’s milk production was assessed using the A4 method and the milk analyses were obtained from the milk recordings. The rumen digesta were sampled two hours after the morning delivery of TMR using a stomach pump. The sampled digesta were diluted with buffer, homogenized and the obtained suspension was analysed using gas chromatograph with the FID detector to determine the total concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and the percentage of individual VFAs. Milk composition was obtained from the RW-1 reports, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated for the obtained parameters. It was determined that propionate and the relation of propionate to butyrate in the rumen digesta increased the protein content and its fractions in milk. The volatile fatty acids utilization coefficient in the rumen digesta a positive correlation to protein contents and a negative correlation to the level of caseins in milk were shown. Processes taking place in the cow rumen significantly influence the composition and quality of milk. The knowledge of volatile fatty acids content and the of individual VFAs allows for the management of the rumen fermentation in order to obtain better technological parameters of milk

Utjecaj hranidbe na kvalitetu kolostruma i mlijeka preživača

The composition and properties of mammary glands’ secretions are influenced by numerous genetic and environmental factors. Types and quality of the feed and feed additives determine the characteristics and quality of products of animal origin. In terms of quality and quantity, the desired effects may be achieved only when the feed ration fully responds to the needs of the animal. Not supplying the required components with the feed affects the composition of both, colostrum and milk, and reduces their production, which influences health condition of animals and - as a result - food safety. Milk and milk products are considered functional food not only due to high nutritional value but also due to positive impact on human health. Nowadays there are various initiatives to produce the so-called healthy food obtained through specially programmed nutrition of animals, which means enriching foodstuffs in biologically active substances. In order to obtain good physicochemical parameters in colostrum and milk of ruminants, it is vital to use high quality feeds in order to satisfy protein and energy demand in animals, and mineral and vitamin contents in the feed ration should be properly balanced. It is also important to use energy additives in dry cows. Another important issue is obtaining the rumen fermentation profile that reduces the emission of methane and determines an appropriate profile of volatile fatty acids. The manuscript is devoted to physiochemical properties of colostrum and milk of cows, goats, sheep as well as the influence of nutrition on the quality of mammary secretions of ruminants.Sastav i svojstva sekreta mliječnih žlijezda sisavaca pod utjecajem su brojnih genetskih utjecaja i utjecaja okoliša. Vrsta i kvaliteta krmiva i dodataka krmnim smjesama određuju svojstva i kvalitetu proizvoda životinjskog podrijetla. S aspekta kvalitete i kvantitete željeni učinci mogu se postići samo ukoliko omjeri sastojaka u krmivu potpuno odgovaraju potrebama životinje. Nedostatna opskrba potrebnim nutrijentima utječe na sastav i kolostruma i mlijeka, te umanjuje njihovu proizvodnju, što konačno utječe na zdravstveno stanje životinje a time i na sigurnost hrane. Mlijeko i mliječni proizvodi smatraju se funkcionalnom hranom ne samo zbog visoke nutritivne vrijednosti, već i zbog povoljnih zdravstvenih učinaka na ljudski organizam. U današnje doba postoji niz inicijativa s ciljem proizvodnje tzv. zdrave hrane, primjenom posebno osmišljene hranidbe životinja, što prije svega podrazumijeva obogaćivanje hrane biološki aktivnim sastojcima. Kako bi se dobila dobra fizikalno-kemijska svojstva kolostruma i mlijeka preživača, nužno je koristiti visokokvalitetna krmiva kojima se zadovoljavaju potrebe životinje za proteinima i energijom, dok omjeri mineralnih tvari i vitamina moraju biti uravnoteženi. Također je važno koristiti dodatke za povećanje energetskog unosa u mliječnih krava. Osim toga, važno je postići mikrofloru buraga koja će omogućiti snižavanje emisije metana, kao i postizanje odgovarajućeg sastava masnih kiselina u mlijeku. Ovaj rad bavi se fizikalno-kemijskim svojstvima kravljeg, kozjeg i ovčjeg kolostruma i mlijeka, kao i utjecajem hranidbe na kvalitetu sekreta mliječnih žlijezda preživača

Oxidative stress biomarkers and left ventricular hypertrophy in children with chronic kidney disease

Cardiovascular diseases remain the most frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of the study was to assess the association between oxidative stress biomarkers and cardiovascular risk factors and left ventricular hypertrophy in children with CKD. Material and Methods. The studied group consisted of 65 patients aged 1.4–18.6 (mean 11.2) years with stages 1 to 5 CKD. Serum oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), protein carbonyl group, creatinine, cystatin C, albumin, lipids, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, insulin, plasma renin activity, and aldosterone levels were measured. Patients were divided into groups depending on CKD stage. Anthropometric measurements, ambulatory blood pressure (BP) measurements, and echocardiography with left ventricular mass (LVM) calculation were performed. Results. Serum oxLDL strongly correlated with creatinine (R=0.246; p=0.048), cystatin C (R=0.346; p=0.006), total cholesterol (R=0.500; p<0.001), triglycerides (R=0.524; p<0.001), low-density lipoprotein concentrations (R=0.456; p<0.001), and 24 hour BP values of systolic (R=0.492; p=0.002), diastolic (R=0.515; p<0.001), and mean arterial pressure (R=0.537; p<0.001). A significant correlation between oxLDL levels and LVM z-scores (R=0.299; p=0.016) was found. Conclusions. Hypertension and dyslipidemia correlated with lipid oxidation in children with CKD. oxLDLs seem to be valuable markers of oxidative stress in CKD patients, correlating with left ventricular hypertrophy

Niesteroidowe leki przeciwzapalne a powikłania sercowo-naczyniowe i gastroenterologiczne — algorytm wyboru

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are characterized by high efficacy both in anti-inflammatory and analgesic therapy. Unfortunately this group of medications is burdened with numerous side effects, including severe. Main mechanism of action is through blockade of cyclooxygenase which is also a basis for majority of their side effects. Through years attempts have been made in order to establish algorithm of choosing the best NSAID in individual situations according to the risk of side effects. Following elaboration is a review of current knowledge on the subject including the results of the newest PRECISION study and presents an algorithm of choice of the NSAID depending on gastroenterological and cardiovascular risk using a concept of so called “golden mean” NSAID and taking into account the interaction between some NSAID and acetylsalicylic acid in cardioprotective dose.Niesteroidowe leki przeciwzapalne (NLPZ) wykazują wysoką skuteczność w terapii przeciwzapalnej i przeciwbólowej. Leki z tej grupy są obarczone dość licznymi działaniami niepożądanymi, często również poważnymi. Działanie NLPZ wiąże się z blokowaniem cyklooksygenaz. Mechanizm ten stanowi podstawę występowania większości działań niepożądanych NLPZ. Przez lata podejmowano próby opracowania algorytmu wyboru NLPZ, zależnie od ryzyka rozwoju powikłań związanych z lekami z tej grupy, w indywidualnych przypadkach. Niniejsze opracowanie stanowi kolejną próbę podsumowania tego zagadnienia przy zaktualizowanym stanie wiedzy wynikającym z opublikowania wyników badania PRECISION i przedstawiono w nim algorytm wyboru NLPZ w zależności od ryzyka gastroenterologicznego i sercowo-naczyniowego, z wykorzystaniem tak zwanej koncepcji NLPZ „złotego środka” oraz z uwzględnieniem interakcji między niektórymi NLPZ a kwasem acetylosalicylowym stosowanym kardioprotekcyjnie

Hypertension treatment preferences in long-term dialysed children in Poland - a survey of pediatric nephrologists

Wstęp Przewlekła choroba nerek prowadzi do rozwoju nadciśnienia tętniczego u większości chorych. Leczenie nadciśnienia towarzyszącego niewydolności nerek jest utrudnione przez ograniczenia w stosowaniu wielu preparatów i brak wystarczających doświadczeń klinicznych, a ponadto istniejące obecnie rekomendacje nie obejmują w ogóle chorych ze schyłkową niewydolnością nerek. Wybór terapii hipotensyjnej ogranicza też młody wiek chorych, gdyż wielu leków nie można stosować u dzieci. Celem badania była analiza jakości leczenia przeciwnadciśnieniowego u dzieci ze schyłkową niewydolnością nerek poddawanych przewlekłej dializoterapii. Materiał i metody Analizą objęto wszystkie dzieci dializowane w Polsce w dniu 30 listopada 2004 roku (n = 134). Uzyskano informacje dotyczące grup stosowanych leków oraz dawek preparatów, a także opinie lekarzy na temat doboru leków stosowanych przy nagłym wzroście ciśnienia tętniczego oraz tych, których dzieciom dializowanym nie powinno się podawać. Wyniki Nadciśnienie tętnicze stwierdzono u 74 (55%) dzieci (47 chłopców, 27 dziewczynek). Najczęstszą przyczyną niewydolności nerek w grupie dzieci z nadciśnieniem było kłębuszkowe zapalenie nerek (27/74). W badanej grupie 65% dzieci leczono za pomocą kilku leków hipotensyjnych, 32% za pomocą jednego leku, a 3% jedynie metodami niefarmakologicznymi. Mimo aktywnego leczenia, zaledwie u 58% dializowanych dzieci prowadziło ono do obniżenia wartości ciśnienia tętniczego poniżej 95 percentyla dla wzrostu i wieku. Najmniejszą skuteczność kontroli ciśnienia tętniczego obserwowano w przypadku leczenia skojarzonego, zwłaszcza wielolekowego. Najczęściej stosowanymi lekami byli antagoniści wapnia, które podawano u ogółem 73% dzieci, w tym u 43/48 w politerapii, a 11/24 w monoterapii. Inhibitory konwertazy angiotensyny były najczęściej stosowane w monoterapii (50%). Mimo znanych kontrowersji, przy nagłym wzroście ciśnienia tętniczego stosowano najczęściej nifedipinę. Wnioski Badanie wykazało, że w Polsce odsetek dializowanych dzieci wymagających leczenia nadciśnieniowego sięga 55%, w tym większość z nich wymaga podawania kilku leków. Pomimo że zasady leczenia są podobne we wszystkich ośrodkach, skuteczność leczenia pozostaje niezadowalająca (58%).Background Chronic kidney disease is associated with the development of arterial hypertension in a vast majority of patients. The treatment of hypertension in these subjects is difficult and challenging due to a limited clinical experience with most drugs and no widely recognised recommendations for patients with end-stage renal disease. A choice of antihypertensive drugs is further narrowed by the young age of the patients since almost all drugs are not recommended in children with renal failure. The aim of this nationwide retrospective analysis was to assess the hypertension treatment patterns in the population of children with chronic kidney diseases (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis in Poland. Material and methods Among all 134 children dialysed on 30th November 2004 in 13 pediatric dialysis centres in Poland seventy four (55%; 47M, 27F) children were hypertensive. For each patients the treating physicians filled a questionnaire that allowed to collect the following data: the primary kidney disease, chronic dialysis treatment, diagnostic criteria of hypertension and present antihypertensive medication if any. Additionally we asked of the doctors&#8217; preference for a therapy for the acute rise in blood pressure and suggestions which drugs, in their opinion, should not be used in dialysed children. Results In the hypertensive dialysed patients the most frequent causes of chronic kidney disease were chronic glomerulopathies (27/74). Thirty two percent of children were on monotherapy whereas 65% required combined treatment. The therapy was adequate only in 58% of subjects. The lowest rate of efficacy was detected in patients requiring a combined antihypertensive therapy. Among antihypertensive drug classes calcium channel blockers were administered most frequently (in 73% of children, in 11/24 cases in monotherapy and in 43/48 patients in combination). Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors were most frequently administered in monotheraphy (50%). Nifedipine was preferred in acute blood pressure rise in children. Conclusion We conclude that incidence of hypertension in dialysed children in Poland is relatively high. The pattern of the treatment was quite uniform, although the efficacy was relatively low (58%)

Hypertension treatment preferences in long-term dialysed children in Poland : a survey of pediatric nephrologists

Wstęp Przewlekła choroba nerek prowadzi do rozwoju nadciśnienia tętniczego u większości chorych. Leczenie nadciśnienia towarzyszącego niewydolności nerek jest utrudnione przez ograniczenia w stosowaniu wielu preparatów i brak wystarczających doświadczeń klinicznych, a ponadto istniejące obecnie rekomendacje nie obejmują w ogóle chorych ze schyłkową niewydolnością nerek. Wybór terapii hipotensyjnej ogranicza też młody wiek chorych, gdyż wielu leków nie można stosować u dzieci. Celem badania była analiza jakości leczenia przeciwnadciśnieniowego u dzieci ze schyłkową niewydolnością nerek poddawanych przewlekłej dializoterapii. Materiał i metody Analizą objęto wszystkie dzieci dializowane w Polsce w dniu 30 listopada 2004 roku (n = 134). Uzyskano informacje dotyczące grup stosowanych leków oraz dawek preparatów, a także opinie lekarzy na temat doboru leków stosowanych przy nagłym wzroście ciśnienia tętniczego oraz tych, których dzieciom dializowanym nie powinno się podawać. Wyniki Nadciśnienie tętnicze stwierdzono u 74 (55%) dzieci (47 chłopców, 27 dziewczynek). Najczęstszą przyczyną niewydolności nerek w grupie dzieci z nadciśnieniem było kłębuszkowe zapalenie nerek (27/74). W badanej grupie 65% dzieci leczono za pomocą kilku leków hipotensyjnych, 32% za pomocą jednego leku, a 3% jedynie metodami niefarmakologicznymi. Mimo aktywnego leczenia, zaledwie u 58% dializowanych dzieci prowadziło ono do obniżenia wartości ciśnienia tętniczego poniżej 95 percentyla dla wzrostu i wieku. Najmniejszą skuteczność kontroli ciśnienia tętniczego obserwowano w przypadku leczenia skojarzonego, zwłaszcza wielolekowego. Najczęściej stosowanymi lekami byli antagoniści wapnia, które podawano u ogółem 73% dzieci, w tym u 43/48 w politerapii, a 11/24 w monoterapii. Inhibitory konwertazy angiotensyny były najczęściej stosowane w monoterapii (50%). Mimo znanych kontrowersji, przy nagłym wzroście ciśnienia tętniczego stosowano najczęściej nifedipinę. Wnioski Badanie wykazało, że w Polsce odsetek dializowanych dzieci wymagających leczenia nadciśnieniowego sięga 55%, w tym większość z nich wymaga podawania kilku leków. Pomimo że zasady leczenia są podobne we wszystkich ośrodkach, skuteczność leczenia pozostaje niezadowalająca (58%).Background Chronic kidney disease is associated with the development of arterial hypertension in a vast majority of patients. The treatment of hypertension in these subjects is difficult and challenging due to a limited clinical experience with most drugs and no widely recognised recommendations for patients with end-stage renal disease. A choice of antihypertensive drugs is further narrowed by the young age of the patients since almost all drugs are not recommended in children with renal failure. The aim of this nationwide retrospective analysis was to assess the hypertension treatment patterns in the population of children with chronic kidney diseases (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis in Poland. Material and methods Among all 134 children dialysed on 30th November 2004 in 13 pediatric dialysis centres in Poland seventy four (55%; 47M, 27F) children were hypertensive. For each patients the treating physicians filled a questionnaire that allowed to collect the following data: the primary kidney disease, chronic dialysis treatment, diagnostic criteria of hypertension and present antihypertensive medication if any. Additionally we asked of the doctors’ preference for a therapy for the acute rise in blood pressure and suggestions which drugs, in their opinion, should not be used in dialysed children. Results In the hypertensive dialysed patients the most frequent causes of chronic kidney disease were chronic glomerulopathies (27/74). Thirty two percent of children were on monotherapy whereas 65% required combined treatment. The therapy was adequate only in 58% of subjects. The lowest rate of efficacy was detected in patients requiring a combined antihypertensive therapy. Among antihypertensive drug classes calcium channel blockers were administered most frequently (in 73% of children, in 11/24 cases in monotherapy and in 43/48 patients in combination). Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors were most frequently administered in monotheraphy (50%). Nifedipine was preferred in acute blood pressure rise in children. Conclusion We conclude that incidence of hypertension in dialysed children in Poland is relatively high. The pattern of the treatment was quite uniform, although the efficacy was relatively low (58%)

Influence of nutrition on the quality of colostrum and milk of ruminants

The composition and properties of mammary glands’ secretions are influenced by numerous genetic and environmental factors. Types and quality of the feed and feed additives determine the characteristics and quality of products of animal origin. In terms of quality and quantity, the desired effects may be achieved only when the feed ration fully responds to the needs of the animal. Not supplying the required components with the feed affects the composition of both, colostrum and milk, and reduces their production, which influences health condition of animals and - as a result - food safety. Milk and milk products are considered functional food not only due to high nutritional value but also due to positive impact on human health. Nowadays there are various initiatives to produce the so-called healthy food obtained through specially programmed nutrition of animals, which means enriching foodstuffs in biologically active substances. In order to obtain good physicochemical parameters in colostrum and milk of ruminants, it is vital to use high quality feeds in order to satisfy protein and energy demand in animals, and mineral and vitamin contents in the feed ration should be properly balanced. It is also important to use energy additives in dry cows. Another important issue is obtaining the rumen fermentation profile that reduces the emission of methane and determines an appropriate profile of volatile fatty acids. The manuscript is devoted to physiochemical properties of colostrum and milk of cows, goats, sheep as well as the influence of nutrition on the quality of mammary secretions of ruminants

The Effect of Saponite Clay on Ruminal Fermentation Parameters during In Vitro Studies

Reducing the emission of global warming gases currently remains one of the strategic tasks. Therefore, the objective of our work was to determine the effect of saponite clay on fermentation in the rumen of cows. The pH, total gas production, CH4, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production in ruminal fluid was determined in vitro. Saponite clay from the Tashkiv deposit (Ukraine) has a high content of silicon, iron, aluminum, and magnesium. The addition of 0.15 and 0.25 g of saponite clay to the incubated mixture did not change the pH but reduced the total production (19% and 31%, respectively) and CH4 (24% and 46%, respectively) in the ruminal fluid compared to the control group and had no significant effect on the total VFA levels, but propionic acid increased by 15% and 21% and butyric acid decreased by 39% and 32%, respectively. We observed a decrease in the fermentation rates, with a simultaneous increase in the P:B ratio and an increase in the fermentation efficiency (FE) in the groups fermented with saponite clay, probably a consequence of the high efficiency in the breakdown of starch in the rumen. Therefore, further in vivo studies to determine the effective dose and effect of saponite clay on cow productivity and the reduction of gas emissions are promising and important