UJI EKSPERIMENTAL MODEL TURBIN ANGIN DARRIEUS TIPE H 2 TINGKAT DENGAN KOMBINASI 3 BILAH NACA 0018 DAN 2 BILAH SAVONIUS PER TINGKAT

Abstrak Angin adalah salah satu sumber energi terbarukan yang dikembangkan saat ini. Energi angin termasuk energi terbarukan yang didefinisikan sebagai energi yang secara cepat dapat diproduksi kembali melalui proses alam. Beberapa kelebihan dari energi terbarukan seperti angin adalah: sumbernya relatif mudah didapat, dapat diperoleh dengan gratis, minim limbah, tidak mempengaruhi suhu bumi secara global, dan tidak terpengaruh oleh kenaikkan harga bahan bakar. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode penelitian eksperimental (experimental research). Objek dalam penelitian ini menggunakan turbin angin Darrieus tipe H 2 tingkat dengan kombinasi 3 bilah Naca 0018 dan 2 bilah Savonius per tingkat. Teknik analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan analisis data deskriptif yaitu menggambarkan hasil penelitian dalam bentuk tabel dan grafik. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui karakteristik daya dan efisiensi model turbin angin Darrieus tipe H 2 tingkat dengan kombinasi 3 bilah Naca 0018 dan 2 bilah Savonius per tingkat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variasi panjang bilah Savonius 60 % mampu menghasilkan daya dan efisiensi yang terbaik, yaitu daya 0.068 Watt pada kecepatan angin 4.5 m/s dan berat beban 354 gr dan efisiensi maksimal 1.34%. Hal ini terjadi karena pada variasi panjang bilah ini, gaya drag yang dihasilkan tidak terlalu besar dan tidak terlalu kecil pula. Sehingga daya yang dihasilkan ideal yang tentu akan lebih baik dari variasi panjang yang lain. Maka ada kalanya kondisi dimana gaya drag yang tidak terlalu besar dan tidak terlalu kecil untuk menghasilkan daya dan efisiensi yang paling efektif. Sedangkan untuk tip speed ratio (TSR) pada variasi ini mampu menghasilkan 0.12 pada kondisi kecepatan angin 4.5 m/s dan berat beban 250 gr. Pada panjang bilah 80 % mampu menghasilkan daya 0.063 Watt pada kecepatan angin 4.5 m/s dan berat beban 354 gr sedangkan untuk efisiensi terbaik 1.18 pada kecepatan angin 4.5 m/s dan berat beban 354 gr. Sedangkan untuk untuk tip speed ratio (TSR) pada variasi ini mampu menghasilkan 0.096 pada kondisi kecepatan angin 4.5 m/s dan berat beban 250 gr. Pada panjang bilah 60 % mampu menghasilkan daya 0.053 pada kecepatan angin 4.5 m/s dan berat beban 354 gr dan untuk efisiensi 0.99% pada kecepatan angin 4.5 m/s dan berat beban 354 gr. Sedangkan untuk untuk tip speed ratio (TSR) pada variasi ini mampu menghasilkan 0.072 pada kondisi kecepatan angin 4.5 m/s dan berat beban 250 gr. Kata kunci : Angin, Turbin Angin, Kombinasi, Darrieus tipe-H, Savoniu

A literature review about the impact of climate change on malaria in South Sudan

Mortality from malaria remains high in Africa despite constant efforts to combat the disease. By the end of 2018, fatalities were estimated to be 380,000 per year. This literature review covers papers on the management of malaria and the impact of climate change on the disease in South Sudan. PubMed and the South Sudan Medical Journal website were searched using the MeSH terms (Medical Subject Headings): malaria, prevalence, epidemiology, diagnosis, medication, prevention, strategies, policies, South Sudan, chemoprophylaxis, immunity. Fifteen studies were included in the final review. Information was extracted on climate change, mosquito activity and management of malaria. Seeking improvements in the treatment and prevention of malaria is an on-going task. New strategies are needed aimed at tackling climate change and the elimination of the disease

Esculin hydrolysis negative and TcdA ‐only producing strains of clostridium (Clostridiodes) difficile from the environment in Western Australia

Background and Aims Clostridium (Clostridiodes) difficile clade 3 ribotype (RT) 023 strains that fail to produce black colonies on bioMérieux ChromID agar have been reported, as well as variant strains of C. difficile that produce only toxin A. We have recently isolated strains of C. difficile from the environment in Western Australia (WA) with similar characteristics. The objective of this study was to characterize these strains. It was hypothesized that a putative β-glucosidase gene was lacking in these strains of C. difficile, including RT 023, leading to white colonies. Methods and Results A total of 17 environmental isolates of C. difficile from garden soil and compost, and gardening shoe soles in Perth, WA, failed to produce black colonies on ChromID agar. MALDI-TOF MS analysis confirmed these strains as C. difficile. Four strains contained only a tcdA gene (A+B−CDT−) by PCR and were a novel RT (QX 597). All isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested except one with low-level resistance to clindamycin (MIC = 8 mg/L). The four tcdA-positive strains were motile. All isolates contained neither bgl locus but only bgl K or a putative β-glucosidase gene by PCR. Whole-genome sequencing showed the 17 strains belonged to novel multi-locus sequence types 632, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852 and 853, part of the evolutionarily divergent clade C-III. Four isolates carried a full-length tcdA but not tcdB nor binary toxin genes. Conclusions ChromID C. difficile agar is used for the specific detection of C. difficile in the samples. To date, all strains except RT 023 strains from clinical samples hydrolyse esculin. This is the first report to provide insights into the identification of esculin hydrolysis negative and TcdA-only producing (A+B−CDT−) strains of C. difficile from environmental samples. Significance and Impact of the Study White colonies of C. difficile from environmental samples could be overlooked when using ChromID C. difficile agar, leading to false-negative results, however, whether these strains are truly pathogenic remains to be proven

Rancang Bangun Mesin Pemisah Tutup Gelas Mineral pada Ud. Eka Jaya

The separation process of mineral glass lid on SME (UKM) partner still use manuallly method, it uses a razor blade. The purpose of this program (PKM – T) is to improve efficiency and effectiveness in separating process so that its productivity can be increased. This machine has easy operation, by pressing ON if it is being used and pressing OFF after using it. The method offered by our team to solve the problems uses several stages. Formulating the problems then create the machine, trial and repair it, training and maintenance it. The last is acceptance and monitoring. Based on the activities that have been done on schedule, our team can create separator machine with capacity 25 kg/h. It is quite practical and efficient to operate. The conclusion is the capacity of separation process 50 kg/ h by using this machine or increase from the previous capacity using conventional method, 25 kg/h. It means it will increase the price of the mineral glass and reduce the energy used for separation process

Esculin hydrolysis negative and TcdA-only producing strains of Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile from the environment in Western Australia

Background and Aims: Clostridium (Clostridiodes) difficile clade 3 ribotype (RT) 023 strains that fail to produce black colonies on bioMérieux ChromID agar have been reported, as well as variant strains of C. difficile that produce only toxin A. We have recently isolated strains of C. difficile from the environment in Western Australia (WA) with similar characteristics. The objective of this study was to characterize these strains. It was hypothesized that a putative β-glucosidase gene was lacking in these strains of C. difficile, including RT 023, leading to white colonies. Methods and Results: A total of 17 environmental isolates of C. difficile from garden soil and compost, and gardening shoe soles in Perth, WA, failed to produce black colonies on ChromID agar. MALDI-TOF MS analysis confirmed these strains as C. difficile. Four strains contained only a tcdA gene (A+B−CDT−) by PCR and were a novel RT (QX 597). All isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested except one with low-level resistance to clindamycin (MIC = 8 mg/L). The four tcdA-positive strains were motile. All isolates contained neither bgl locus but only bgl K or a putative β-glucosidase gene by PCR. Whole-genome sequencing showed the 17 strains belonged to novel multi-locus sequence types 632, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852 and 853, part of the evolutionarily divergent clade C-III. Four isolates carried a full-length tcdA but not tcdB nor binary toxin genes. Conclusions: ChromID C. difficile agar is used for the specific detection of C. difficile in the samples. To date, all strains except RT 023 strains from clinical samples hydrolyse esculin. This is the first report to provide insights into the identification of esculin hydrolysis negative and TcdA-only producing (A+B−CDT−) strains of C. difficile from environmental samples. Significance and Impact of the Study: White colonies of C. difficile from environmental samples could be overlooked when using ChromID C. difficile agar, leading to false-negative results, however, whether these strains are truly pathogenic remains to be proven

Evolutionary and genomic insights into Clostridioides difficile sequence type 11: A diverse zoonotic and antimicrobial-resistant lineage of global One Health importance

Clostridioides difficile (Clostridium difficile) sequence type 11 (ST11) is well established in production animal populations worldwide and contributes considerably to the global burden of C. difficile infection (CDI) in humans. Increasing evidence of shared ancestry and genetic overlap of PCR ribotype 078 (RT078), the most common ST11 sublineage, between human and animal populations suggests that CDI may be a zoonosis. We performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on a collection of 207 ST11 and closely related ST258 isolates of human and veterinary/environmental origin, comprising 16 RTs collected from Australia, Asia, Europe, and North America. Core genome single nucleotide variant (SNV) analysis identified multiple intraspecies and interspecies clonal groups (isolates separated by ≤2 core genome SNVs) in all the major RT sublineages: 078, 126, 127, 033, and 288. Clonal groups comprised isolates spread across different states, countries, and continents, indicative of reciprocal long-range dissemination and possible zoonotic/anthroponotic transmission. Antimicrobial resistance genotypes and phenotypes varied across host species, geographic regions, and RTs and included macrolide/lincosamide resistance (Tn6194 [ermB]), tetracycline resistance (Tn6190 [tetM] and Tn6164 [tet44]), and fluoroquinolone resistance (gyrA/B mutations), as well as numerous aminoglycoside resistance cassettes. The population was defined by a large “open” pan-genome (10,378 genes), a remarkably small core genome of 2,058 genes (only 19.8% of the gene pool), and an accessory genome containing a large and diverse collection of important prophages of the Siphoviridae and Myoviridae. This study provides novel insights into strain relatedness and genetic variability of C. difficile ST11, a lineage of global One Health importance. IMPORTANCE: Historically, Clostridioides difficile (Clostridium difficile) has been associated with life-threatening diarrhea in hospitalized patients. Increasing rates of C. difficile infection (CDI) in the community suggest exposure to C. difficile reservoirs outside the hospital, including animals, the environment, or food. C. difficile sequence type 11 (ST11) is known to infect/colonize livestock worldwide and comprises multiple ribotypes, many of which cause disease in humans, suggesting CDI may be a zoonosis. Using high-resolution genomics, we investigated the evolution and zoonotic potential of ST11 and a new closely related ST258 lineage sourced from diverse origins. We found multiple intra- and interspecies clonal transmission events in all ribotype sublineages. Clones were spread across multiple continents, often without any health care association, indicative of zoonotic/anthroponotic long-range dissemination in the community. ST11 possesses a massive pan-genome and numerous clinically important antimicrobial resistance elements and prophages, which likely contribute to the success of this globally disseminated lineage of One Health importance

Prevalence of binary toxin positive Clostridium difficile in diarrhoeal humans in the absence of epidemic ribotype 027

Virulence of Clostridium difficile is primarily attributed to the large clostridial toxins A and B while the role of binary toxin (CDT) remains unclear. The prevalence of human strains of C. difficile possessing only CDT genes (A¯B¯CDT +) is generally low (\u3c 5%), however, this genotype is commonly found in neonatal livestock both in Australia and elsewhere. Zoonotic transmission of C. difficile has been suggested previously. Most human diagnostic tests will not detect A¯B¯CDT + strains of C. difficile because they focus on detection of toxin A and/or B. We performed a prospective investigation into the prevalence and genetic characteristics of A¯B¯CDT + C. difficile in symptomatic humans. All glutamate dehydrogenase or toxin B gene positive faecal specimens from symptomatic inpatients over 30 days (n = 43) were cultured by enrichment, and C. difficile PCR ribotypes (RTs) and toxin gene profiles determined. From 39 culture-positive specimens, 43 C. difficile isolates were recovered, including two A¯B¯CDT + isolates. This corresponded to an A¯B¯CDT + prevalence of 2/35 (5.7%) isolates possessing at least one toxin, 2/10 (20%) A¯B¯+ isolates, 2/3 CDT + isolates and 1/28 (3.6%) presumed true CDI cases. No link to Australian livestock-associated C. difficile was found. Neither A¯B¯CDT + isolate was the predominant A¯B¯CDT + strain found in Australia, RT 033, nor did they belong to toxinotype XI. Previous reports infrequently describe A¯B¯CDT + C. difficile in patients and strain collections but the prevalence of human A¯B¯CDT + C. difficile is rarely investigated. This study highlights the occurrence of A−B−CDT+ strains of C. difficile in symptomatic patients, warranting further investigations of its role in human infection

Ridinilazole: A novel therapy for Clostridium difficile infection

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of infectious healthcare-associated diarrhoea. Recurrent CDI increases disease morbidity and mortality, posing a high burden to patients and a growing economic burden to the healthcare system. Thus, there exists a significant unmet and increasing medical need for new therapies for CDI. This review aims to provide a concise summary of CDI in general and a specific update on ridinilazole (formerly SMT19969), a novel antibacterial currently under development for the treatment of CDI. Owing to its highly targeted spectrum of activity and ability to spare the normal gut microbiota, ridinilazole provides significant advantages over metronidazole and vancomycin, the mainstay antibiotics for CDI. Ridinilazole is bactericidal against . C. difficile and exhibits a prolonged post-antibiotic effect. Furthermore, treatment with ridinilazole results in decreased toxin production. A phase 1 trial demonstrated that oral ridinilazole is well tolerated and specifically targets clostridia whilst sparing other faecal bacteria. Phase 2 and 3 trials will hopefully further our understanding of the clinical utility of ridinilazole for the treatment of CDI

Clostridium difficile infection.

Infection of the colon with the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium difficile is potentially life threatening, especially in elderly people and in patients who have dysbiosis of the gut microbiota following antimicrobial drug exposure. C. difficile is the leading cause of health-care-associated infective diarrhoea. The life cycle of C. difficile is influenced by antimicrobial agents, the host immune system, and the host microbiota and its associated metabolites. The primary mediators of inflammation in C. difficile infection (CDI) are large clostridial toxins, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), and, in some bacterial strains, the binary toxin CDT. The toxins trigger a complex cascade of host cellular responses to cause diarrhoea, inflammation and tissue necrosis - the major symptoms of CDI. The factors responsible for the epidemic of some C. difficile strains are poorly understood. Recurrent infections are common and can be debilitating. Toxin detection for diagnosis is important for accurate epidemiological study, and for optimal management and prevention strategies. Infections are commonly treated with specific antimicrobial agents, but faecal microbiota transplants have shown promise for recurrent infections. Future biotherapies for C. difficile infections are likely to involve defined combinations of key gut microbiota