Comparación de dos métodos de fraccionamiento físico de la materia orgánica del suelo

115-121Regression analysis was used to compare particulate organic carbon (COP) and light carbon (Cs) concentrations obtained by size (fraction greather than 53 um) and density fractionation (liquor density = 2 g cm-3) methods, respectively. The soil samples were taken from a long-term experiment located at the EEA-INTA Pergamino comparing four cropping sequences and two tillage systems. Both methods were linearly and positively correlated to depths of 0-5 and 5-10 cm and the y-intercept did not differ from zero, indicating that both methods resulted in a similar estimate for labile C. As the slopes did not different from unity, the differences between the two methods remained constant throughout all the labile range measured. There was no correlation for a depth of 10-20 cm, and Cs concentrations were higher and less variable than those of COP. The liquor density used might explain the obtention of similar or greater amounts of Cs than of COP because of the important contribution of the organomineral complex to the light fraction

Fracionamento físico da matéria orgânica do solo e caracterização por espectroscopia de EPR.

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Terpene polyacrylate TPA5 shows favorable molecular hydrodynamic properties as a potential bioinspired archaeological wood consolidant

There is currently a pressing need for the development of novel bioinspired consolidants for waterlogged, archaeological wood. Bioinspired materials possess many advantages, such as biocompatibility and sustainability, which makes them ideal to use in this capacity. Based on this, a polyhydroxylated monomer was synthesised from α-pinene, a sustainable terpene feedstock derived from pine trees, and used to prepare a low molar mass polymer TPA5 through free radical polymerisation. This polymer was extensively characterised by NMR spectroscopy (chemical composition) and molecular hydrodynamics, primarily using analytical ultracentrifugation reinforced by gel filtration chromatography and viscometry, in order to investigate whether it would be suitable for wood consolidation purposes. Sedimentation equilibrium indicated a weight average molar mass Mw of (4.3 ± 0.2) kDa, with minimal concentration dependence. Further analysis with MULTISIG revealed a broad distribution of molar masses and this heterogeneity was further confirmed by sedimentation velocity. Conformation analyses with the Perrin P and viscosity increment ν universal hydrodynamic parameters indicated that the polymer had an elongated shape, with both factors giving consistent results and a consensus axial ratio of ~ 4.5. These collective properties—hydrogen bonding potential enhanced by an elongated shape, together with a small injectable molar mass—suggest this polymer is worthy of further consideration as a potential consolidant

Characterisation of mass distributions of solvent-fractionated lignins using analytical ultracentrifugation and size exclusion chromatography methods

Lignins are valuable renewable resources for the potential production of a large array of biofuels, aromatic chemicals and biopolymers. Yet native and industrial lignins are complex, highly branched and heterogenous macromolecules, properties that have to date often undermined their use as starting materials in lignin valorisation strategies. Reliable knowledge of weight average molar mass, conformation and polydispersity of lignin starting materials can be proven to be crucial to and improve the prospects for the success of such strategies. Here we evaluated the use of commonly-used size exclusion chromatography (SEC)—calibrated with polystyrene sulphonate standards—and under-used analytical ultracentrifugation—which does not require calibration—to characterise a series of lignin fractions sequentially extracted from soda and Kraft alkaline lignins using ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methanol and acetone:water (fractions F01–F04, respectively). Absolute values of weight average molar mass (Mw) determined using sedimentation equilibrium in the analytical ultracentrifuge of (3.0 ± 0.1) kDa and (4.2 ± 0.2) kDa for soda and Kraft lignins respectively, agreed closely with previous SEC-determined Mws and reasonably with the size exclusion chromatography measurements employed here, confirming the appropriateness of the standards (with the possible exceptions of fraction F05 for soda P1000 and F03 for Indulin). Both methods revealed the presence of low (~ 1kDa) Mw material in F01 and F02 fractions followed by progressively higher Mw in subsequent fractions. Compositional analysis confirmed > 90% (by weight) total lignins successively extracted from both lignins using MEK, methanol and acetone:water (F02 to F04). Considerable heterogeneity of both unfractionated and fractionated lignins was revealed through determinations of both sedimentation coefficient distributions and polydispersity indices. The study also demonstrates the advantages of using analytical ultracentrifugation, both alongside SEC as well as in its own right, for determining absolute Mw, heterogeneity and conformation information for characterising industrial lignins

Cambios en la porosidad edáfica bajo siembra directa por la introducción de raphanus sativus l. (nabo forrajero)

Los objetivos del trabajo fueron evaluar la capacidad del nabo forrajero (Raphanus sativus L.) para regenerar porosidad edáfica a corto plazo bajo siembra directa (SD) continua y explorar la factibilidad de introducirlo en la rotación agrícola predominante en la región Pampa Ondulada. Se ensayó el efecto del nabo sobre algunas propiedades físicas edáficas en un lote con bajo nivel de degradación (A). Luego, se evaluó su introducción a la rotación agrícola en un lote con alto nivel de degradación edáfica (B). Los tratamientos consistieron en nabo y testigo, con barbecho químico. En A, las raíces de nabo produjeron cambios en la porosidad mayor a 30 mm de los horizontes A y BA que mejoraron la circulación del agua. En B, el nabo redujo la porosidad total del horizonte A, amortiguó el efecto degradante de las lluvias sobre la macroporosidad y la porosidad estructural del horizonte BA e incrementó un 70% la estabilidad estructural a 0-5 cm (efecto de corta duración). La introducción de nabo a la rotación se presenta como una alternativa viable para contribuir al desarrollo de sistemas sustentables bajo SD continu

Long-term impact of no tillage in two intensified crop rotations on different soil organic matter fractions in Argentine Rolling Pampa

CT3 ; EnjS4 ; Département E.A ;International audienceIt is expected that the agricultural intensification occurred in recent decades in the Argentine Rolling Pampa significantly alters the SOM reserves. Therefore, it is necessary to identify soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fractions to understand the functionality and stabilization of these reserves. Our objectives were to study the NT effect in two crop rotations, corn-double cropped wheat/soybean (MWS) and double cropped wheat/soybean (WS) on: 1) SOM and its particle size and biological fractions contents, 2) C and N stubble biomass and 3) some soil properties in order to explain the SOM differences found. The larger biomass residue remaining on the soil surface under NT promoted higher aggregate stability and lower soil temperature and pH. At 0-5 cm soil depth, NT exhibited higher C and N contents, for both uncomplexed and intimately associated to the mineral components fractions. However, the results indicated variations in the SOM protection according to the rotation: in MWS the high aggregate stability showed better physical protection, while in WS the greater cation exchange capacity and the lower value of N released by anaerobic incubation would indicate the presence of transformed SOM. At 5-20 cm soil depth, only in WS, C microbial biomass was higher with a low metabolic rate, indicating again the presence of highly decomposed SOM. The results obtained in WS under NT would indicate the possibility of achieving slower recycled of the SOM