Beggars-tourists' interactions: an unobtrusive typological approach

While the perennial phenomenon of begging exists in many historical cities, where tourists tend to concentrate, the topic has not been examined in depth in the context of tourism. By using Goffman’s (1955, 1963, 1971) dynamics of public space interaction and taking as a case the historical center of the city of Heraklion (Crete), this study draws on unobtrusive research methods (written records, non-participant observations and photographing), to shed further light on beggars-tourists’ encounters by exploring not only the strategies beggars adopt to ensure almsgiving from tourists, but also to provide a typology of beggars and tourists based on their interactions

Options in tourism development: conscious versus conventional tourism

Development by its nature is a process of change that may be implemented in a variety of ways. As a result, tourist receiving destinations have a variety of options to follow in developing their tourism industry. These options concern mainly the process and/or funding of development, and include the following dichotomous alternatives: capital versus labour intensive; endogenous versus exogenous; small scale versus large; alternative versus mass and enclave versus spread out. It is the aim of this paper to discuss the five alternatives by undertaking a literature review to investigate the benefits and costs associated with each of them and providing guidelines for destination tourism development. From the review it is evident the possibility of categorising the five development options into two distinctive groups, namely conscious and conventional tourism. Each group presents differences to its impacts to a tourist receiving destination, the ownership/control patterns of the industry and the numbers of facilities and tourists

Hosts, guests and politics - coastal resorts morphological change

Resort morphology goes through a predictable sequence of stages: from pre-tourism low through high-density development to an urbanized state. Three elements are considered essential in such coastal resorts change: hosts, guests, and politics. Using historical data from the mass-developed Greek island of Crete, ten principal characteristics are identified as determinants of the morphological change of coastal resorts. A temporal model of unplanned change is also proposed. Although the study was constrained by limited data availability, the proposed model is deemed able to represent the morphological change of Cretan mass-developed coastal resorts

Early travellers to Greece and their modern counterparts

The view of tourism’s past for Greece is dominated by narratives of early travelers who recorded their experiences punctuated by reference to Greek archaeological treasures, the natural history and the population, and portrayed Greece as a place of difference. Based on these accounts, this study undertakes a typological approach as a crucial element of understanding early Greek travelers’ interests. A typological interpretation of early travel accounts has resulted in six groups of travelers, namely the antiquaries, the collectors, the philhellenists, the artists, the environmentalists, and the professional travelers. These types are compared with modern tourism in an attempt to identify similarities and differences that will help to establish continuity between early and modern traveling

From nudism and naturism tourism to "natourism": defining natourism and exploring natourists' motivations

This article reviews previous attempts to define nudist and naturist tourism, and it elaborates detailed definitions through analyzing and discussing views of numerous natourist/nudist associations worldwide. Out of this process, the term “natourism” emerged, which includes the notion of “social nudity” as a main reason for traveling as well as a wide variety of ancillary stereotypical activities. As a term, “natourism” was tested after exploring the motivations of 1,508 natourists from all over the world. Although initially this study, through a literature review, identified three general motivation groups of natourism—namely, human motivations, motivations to travel, and nudism/naturism motivations—factor analysis made it possible to identify additional factors of natourists’ motivations, which included Naturalism and Relaxation, Sexuality, Stereotypical Travel Motivations, and Personal and Family Motivations. Despite the limitations of the study, findings confirm the appropriateness of the term “natourism” to establish parameters for further research

Sources of liability: tourism operators facing lawsuits

Liability for negligence or breach of contract is the most common cause of lawsuits for tourism operators. Whereas lawsuits were once thought to imply incompetence, nowadays they are often inevitable for tourism operators. Despite the obvious scale of the problem, lawsuits involving tourism businesses have been the subject of a limited number of academic publications, in tourism literature. Bearing this in mind, the current study discusses the main reasons for such incidents in conjunction with relevant literature, and provide recommendations for tourism operators to avoid legal action for negligence or breach of contract

Genres of heritage authenticity: denotations from a pilgrimage landscape

Whilst several tourism scholars have deconstructed the notion of authenticity on heritage environments either from a theoretical or empirical perspective, few, if any, have undertaken a close look at Pine & Gilmore’s (2007) genres of authenticity, namely natural, original, exceptional, referential, and influential. It is the aim of this study to overcome past research negligence by rendering the appeal of the five genres of authenticity in the case of Mount Athos, a pilgrimage landscape located in northern Greece, which can be considered as the last surviving byzantine complex of monasteries. Based on the findings of the study, this paper links the five genres of authenticity with past research on pilgrimage experience