Социологический анализ современных молодежных движений: потенциал классических теорий лидерства

The article is devoted to the study of youth socio-political movements in terms of leadership theories. The author examines the development of leadership theories and provides the analysis of the activities of two youth organization's leaders in the context of the theories involved. In order to analyze the efficiency of leadership the author highlights the qualities essential for an ideal leader of a youth organization and identifies the type of leadership style. Further on, the author considers how far each of the candidates answers the ideal leadership model description.Статья посвящена изучению молодежных общественно-политических движений в контексте теорий лидерства. Автор рассматривает эволюцию теорий лидерства и анализирует деятельность лидеров двух молодежных организаций в контексте этих теорий. Для анализа успешности лидерства автор выясняет, какими качествами должен обладать идеальный лидер молодежной организации, к какому типу лидера он относится, а затем рассматривает, насколько каждый из рассматриваемых кандидатов приблизился к этой идеальной модели

Morphofunctional Characteristics of the Umbilical Vessels from Newborns Delivered by Mothers Experiencing an Exacerbation of Chronic Cytomegalovirus Infection during Gestation

The characteristic features of the cord blood and endothelium of the umbilical vessels from newborns delivered by mothers experiencing an exacerbation of chronic cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection during gestation has been studied. Exacerbation of the chronic CMV infection was found to increase during pregnancy and sharply affect the function of gas transport in both the maternal and fetal blood. Lipid peroxidation in the maternal blood as well as in the fetal blood was seen to increase, which was reflected in the characteristic endothelial structure and enzymatic activity in the umbilical vessels of the newborns

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES BASED ON FRUIT DISTILLATES

One of the promising raw materials types for alcoholic beverages production, which have a peculiar aroma and taste, is the ashberry (red), widespread throughout the Russian Federation. The aim of the research was to develop an innovative technology for alcoholic beverages from the red ashberry based on the study of the raw materials biochemical composition transformation during its processing, maceration, fermentation, distillation, as well as its effect on the volatile components composition of distillate and the processing conditions of the finished alcoholic beverage. Fermented pulp of red ashberry, distillates and alcoholic beverage blends from ashberry were used as objects of the study. To determine the organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators in the work, standardized analysis methods and certified methods were used. The effect of various yeast races and fermentation conditions on the change in biochemical composition of the red ashberry pulp was studied. For this raw material type fermentation, recommended Siha 3 yeast race. The positive effect of the Vitamon Combi fermentation activator on the fermentation efficiency and the formation of qualitative characteristics of the fermented pulp, including its amino acid composition, is shown. It was established that the optimal conditions for fermentation is the anaerobic regimen at a temperature of no higher than 22 ºС. The effect of fractional distillation operating parameters in a direct distillation unit on the volatile components’ composition and concentration in ashberry distillate is studied. It is recommended to obtain a high-quality distillate to carry out the selection of the head fraction in the amount of 2.5% of the distilled pulp volume, and the selection of the tail fraction to start when the strength in distillate reaches 45% vol. It is shown that within 30 days of exposure in the distillate, a certain chemical equilibrium is achieved and its taste and aromatic characteristics are harmonized. The blending conditions of the alcoholic beverage are determined and the technological processing modes are established to ensure its high consumer properties. The conducted studies have allowed to develop innovative technology for a new alcoholic beverage from red ashberry.One of the promising raw materials types for alcoholic beverages production, which have a peculiar aroma and taste, is the ashberry (red), widespread throughout the Russian Federation. The aim of the research was to develop an innovative technology for alcoholic beverages from the red ashberry based on the study of the raw materials biochemical composition transformation during its processing, maceration, fermentation, distillation, as well as its effect on the volatile components composition of distillate and the processing conditions of the finished alcoholic beverage. Fermented pulp of red ashberry, distillates and alcoholic beverage blends from ashberry were used as objects of the study. To determine the organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators in the work, standardized analysis methods and certified methods were used. The effect of various yeast races and fermentation conditions on the change in biochemical composition of the red ashberry pulp was studied. For this raw material type fermentation, recommended Siha 3 yeast race. The positive effect of the Vitamon Combi fermentation activator on the fermentation efficiency and the formation of qualitative characteristics of the fermented pulp, including its amino acid composition, is shown. It was established that the optimal conditions for fermentation is the anaerobic regimen at a temperature of no higher than 22 ºС. The effect of fractional distillation operating parameters in a direct distillation unit on the volatile components’ composition and concentration in ashberry distillate is studied. It is recommended to obtain a high-quality distillate to carry out the selection of the head fraction in the amount of 2.5% of the distilled pulp volume, and the selection of the tail fraction to start when the strength in distillate reaches 45% vol. It is shown that within 30 days of exposure in the distillate, a certain chemical equilibrium is achieved and its taste and aromatic characteristics are harmonized. The blending conditions of the alcoholic beverage are determined and the technological processing modes are established to ensure its high consumer properties. The conducted studies have allowed to develop innovative technology for a new alcoholic beverage from red ashberry

КИСЛОРОДТРАНСПОРТНАЯ ФУНКЦИЯ КРОВИ У БЕРЕМЕННЫХ, ПЕРЕНЕСШИХ ОБОСТРЕНИЕ ГЕРПЕСВИРУСНОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ

Factors which may influence on erythrocytes in peripheral blood while exacerbation of herpes infection are studied. The data showed that herpes infection changed quantative spectrum of proteins in erythrocytes. In cellular membranes of erythrocytes lipid peroxidation increases that results in increase of microviscosity of membranes. Disconnection of hemoglobin with 2, 3-DPhG was defined. This results in decreased hemoglobin oxygenation and change of erythrocytes form. The data showed that herpes virus in exacerbation leads to tissue hypoxia in pregnant women. Изучены факторы, действующие на эритроциты периферической крови при обострении герпесвирусной инфекции в период беременности. Получены данные, свидетельствующие о том, что вирусная инфекция изменяет количественное содержание белков стромы эритроцитов. В клеточных мембранах эритроцитов нарастает интенсивность пероксидного окисления липидов, что приводит к повышению микровязкости мембран. Отмечается нарушение связи гемоглобина с 2, 3-дифосфоглицератфосфатазой. Это приводит к снижению оксигенации гемоглобина. Изменяется форма эритроцитов, происходит их деформация. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что герпесвирусная инфекция при обострении в период беременности является причиной формирования у женщин гипоксического состояния.

The role of some lipids and their metabolites in programmed cell death (lipoapoptosis).

In recent years, the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of lipoapoptosis signaling pathways has expanded considerably. However, many mechanisms of apoptosis induction by lipids as well as molecules mediating intracellular and systemic signals belonging to AOS/enzyme-dependent phospholipid metabolites are not completely clear.This review summarizes the current understanding of the mechanisms of apoptotic cell death induction by some lipid molecules. Literature search was performed in the database “PubMed”, “eLIBRARY” using key words: “apoptosis”, “lipids”, “fatty acids”, “eicosanoids”, “reactive oxygen species”.A brief characterization of the signaling pathways of apoptosis is given. The role of reactive oxygen species and their dependent products of lipid peroxidation in the regulation of the main signaling pathways of apoptosis are shown. Particular attention is paid to the product of phospholipid metabolism – 4-hydroxynonenal.Pro- and anti-apoptotic effects of some prostaglandins are demonstrated. Arguments are presented that prostaglandins of series J and D are pro-apoptotic in most cells, and this effect depends on activation of the prostanoid receptor DP2 and on reduction of AKT kinase activity. In contrast, the E-series prostaglandins and hydroxyecosatetraenoic acid act opposite to the J-series and D-series prostaglandins, reducing apoptosis by activating AKT and increasing Bcl-2 protein expression.The role of individual fatty acids involved in the initiation and transduction of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals is assessed. It was shown that saturated fatty acids have the maximum damaging potential than their unsaturated counterparts. An in-depth understanding and deciphering of the mechanisms by which lipids and their metabolites modulate the activation of signaling pathways of programmed cell death can help to develop therapeutic strategies to prevent a number of diseases associated with impaired regulation of apoptosis

Influence of mechanical-thermal treatment on the microstructure and current-carrying capacity of Nb-Ti-superconductor

A correlation between the modes of mechanical-thermal treatment, main microstructure parameters and the critical current density Jc in the superconducting alloy Nb-49 wt.% Ti was established. The studies were carried out on the alloy that was preliminary deformed by the “upsetting-extrusion” severe plastic deformation (SPD) method and subsequently drawn with multiple intermediate heat treatments (HT) at 390 °C for 400 and 2000 h. After completion of the heat treatments, the superconductor was finally drawn with the degree of deformation efin. It was shown that the volume fraction of a-Ti phase precipitates increases with the increasing in number of heat treatments up to ≈ 24 and 27% for a total heat treatment duration of 400 and 2000 h, respectively, and reaches maximum values at HT quantity of 4-5 and 7. The highest critical current density level in a magnetic field 5 T, Jc ≈ 3.8*105 A/cm2, was obtained for a total heat treatments duration of 2000 h, 7 number of HT and final true strain ≈ 5.05. The dependence of the pinning volume force Fp on the reduced magnetic field b in such superconductor is described by a function in form Fp ~ b(1-b)2, a characteristic of superconducting materials with strong vortex magnetic lattice on the precipitates.Встановлено взаємозв'язок між режимами механіко-термічної обробки, основними параметрами мікроструктури і густиною критичного струму Jc у надпровідному сплаві Nb-49 мас.% Ti. Дослідження проведені на сплаві, який піддавався попередній інтенсивній пластичній деформації (ІПД) методом «осаджування-видавлювання» і подальшому волочінню з багаторазовими проміжними термообробками (ТО) при температурі 3900С протягом 400 і 2000 год. Показано, що об'ємна частка виділень a-Ti-фази збільшується зі зростанням кількості термічних обробок аж до ≈ 24 і 27% при сумарній тривалості ТО 400 і 2000 год відповідно, досягаючи максимальних значень при кількості ТО 4-5 і 7. Найбільший рівень густини критичного струму в магнітному полі 5 Тл Jc ≈ 3,8*105 А/см2 отримано при загальній тривалості ТО 2000 год, їх кількості 7 і заключній істинній деформації ≈ 5,05. Залежність об'ємної сили піннінга Fp від наведеного магнітного поля b у такому надпровіднику описується функцією виду Fp ~ b(1-b)2, яка характерна для надпровідних матеріалів з сильним піннінгом вихрової магнітної решітки на виділеннях.Установлена взаимосвязь между режимами механико-термической обработки, основными параметрами микроструктуры и плотностью критического тока Jc в сверхпроводящем сплаве Nb-49 мас.% Ti. Исследования проведены на сплаве, который подвергался предварительной интенсивной пластической деформации (ИПД) методом «осадки-выдавливания» и последующему волочению с многократными промежуточными термообработками (ТО) при температуре 390 0С в течение 400 и 2000 ч. После завершения ТО сверхпроводник проходил заключительное волочение со степенью деформации еfin. Показано, что объемная доля выделений a-Ti-фазы увеличивается с ростом количества термических обработок вплоть до ≈ 24 и 27% при суммарной длительности ТО 400 и 2000 ч соответственно, достигая максимальных значений при количестве ТО 4-5 и 7. Наибольший уровень плотности критического тока в магнитном поле 5 Тл Jc ≈ 3,8*105 А/см2 получен при общей длительности ТО 2000 ч, их количестве 7 и заключительной истинной деформации ≈ 5,05. Зависимость объемной силы пиннинга Fp от приведенного магнитного поля b в таком сверхпроводнике описывается функцией вида Fp ~ b(1-b)2, характерной для сверхпроводящих материалов с сильным пиннингом вихревой магнитной решетки на выделениях

ESTRTOGENE AT EARLY PREGNANCY WITH HERPES-VIRUS EXACERBATION

Decrease of estriol and estradiol concentration, was found, at herpes-viral infection exacerbation, in placenta of pregnant at early stages of gestations. Revealed, change was shown by result of defect of base steroid. — cholesterol content, as well as distribution, of the steroid, hormone syntheses process: low activity of placental 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and. inadequacy steroidogenesis regulating mechanism.

МЕХАНИЗМЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ГИПОКСИИ В ПЕРИОД БЕРЕМЕННОСТИ И НАРУШЕНИЕ КРОВОСНАБЖЕНИЯ ПЛОДА ПРИ ЦИТОМЕГАЛОВИРУСНОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ

Objective: Our aim was to study the mechanisms of hypoxia development at pregnancy associated with cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI). Methods: 30 parturient women with CMVI relapse at the 25–28 weeks of pregnancy and their newborns were examined. Cytochrome C, Hsp-70, p53, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 in placenta homogenate were found out with serologic methods, the morphology of erythrocytes with cytophotometry, erythrocytes membrane proteins with disc-electrophoresis method, TBA-active products with V.B. Gavrilov’s method, superoxide dismutase activity withspectrophotometry, 2.3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2.3 DPG) with I.S. Luganov’s method, erythrocytes membrane microviscosity with fluorimethric method, oxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin with Evelyn and Malloy’ method, and erythrocytes deformability with M.T. Lutsenko’s method. Results: In blood erythrocytes of CMV-seropositive parturient women there was the decrease of cytoskeleton proteins: α- and β-spectrine was1.14 times less, ankyrin was 1.62 times less, band 4.1 protein was 1.29 times less; there was 1.87 times increase of antigen-binding glycophorin, 1.37 times growth of TBA-active products and 1.35 times drop of superoxide dismutase activity; the deformability index was 9.5 times less, 2.3 DPG was 1.22 times less and oxyhemoglobin was 1.06 times less. In placenta homogenate Bcl-2 was 1.5 times less, Hsp-70 was 2.5 times more, p53 was 6.1 times more, cytochrome C was 1.76 times more, caspase-3 was 3.86 times more. In umbilical cord blood erythrocytes 2.3 DPG was 1.3 times more and oxyhemoglobin was 1.06 times less. Conclusion: The obtained data  proves that CMVI relapse at 25–28 weeks of pregnancy causes the disorder of morphofunctional state of mother’s blood erythrocytes and their ability to oxygenation, the development of fetoplacental barrier, the decrease of fetus oxygen blood supply and the development of intrauterine hypoxia. Цель исследования: изучить механизмы формирования гипоксии при ЦМВ ассоциированной беременности. Методы: обследовано 30 рожениц с рецидивом цитомегаловирусной инфекции на сроке 25-28 недель гестации и их новорожденных. Рецидив ЦМВИ устанавливался при комплексном исследовании периферической крови на наличие IgM или четырехкратного и более нарастания титра антител IgG к ЦМВ в парных сыворотках в динамике через 10 дней, индекса авидности антител класса IgG к ЦМВ более 65%, ДНК ЦМВ методом полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР). Критерии включения: лабораторно подтвержденный молекулярно-биологическими и серологическими методами исследования рецидив ЦМВИ на сроке 25-28 недель гестации, наличие в периферической крови на момент исследования титра антител IgG к ЦМВ 1:1600, стойкая ремиссия герпесвирусной инфекции на протяжении всего срока гестации. Активность цитохрома С, Hsp-70, белков p53, Bcl-2 и каспазы 3 определяли в гомогенате плаценты иммуноферментным методом анализа. Морфологию эритроцитов (площадь поверхности, средний диаметр) изучали цитофотометрически на аппарате «Mekos» (МЗ РФ 29/10010198/1282-01). Белковый состав мембран эритроцитов определяли методом диск-электрофореза (Bion Doc Analize, Германия). ТБК-активные продукты определяли по методу В.Б. Гаврилова, Гаврилова А.Р., Мажуль Л.М.. Оценка активности супероксиддисмутазы спектрофотометрическим методом. Содержание 2,3-ДФГ в эритроцитах изучали по методу И.С. Луганова и М.Н. Блиновой. Микровязкость мембран эритроцитов — на флюороспектрофотометре Hitachi (Япония). Содержание оксигемоглобина и метгемоглобина — по методу Эвелина и Мэллой. Деформабельность эритроцитов изучали путем математического анализа, разработанного М.Т. Луценко (Патент № 2407452, Бюллетень «Изобретений и полезных моделей» №28). Результаты: при рецидиве цитомегаловирусной инфекции в периферической крови беременной отмечено нарушение морфофункционального состояния эритроцитов (снижение содержания α-спектрина до 6,9±0,11%,  β-спектрина до 7,67±0,10%, анкирина до 3,10±0,15%, белка полосы 4.1 до 3,43±0,17%, увеличение гликофорина до 9,73±0,3%, повышение уровня ТБК-активных продуктов до 28,15±0,97 ммоль/л, лизофосфотидилхолина до 9,90±0,58%, снижение противоокислительной активности супероксиддисмутазы до 230,37±2,51 Ед/г Hb, снижение параметров флюоресценции липотропного зонда пирен до 0,60±0,05,  индекса деформабельности клеток до 0,02±0,008 усл.ед.). Увеличено содержание 2,3-ДФГ до 7,05±0,07 мкмоль/мл и снижено содержание оксигенированной формы гесоглобина до 90,20±0,47%. Одновременно происходят морфофункциональные нарушения и в синцитиотрофобласте ворсинок плаценты: снижение содержания белка Bcl-2 до 28,14±0,78 пг/мл и Hsp-70 до 22,30±0,90 нг/мл, увеличение количества белка р53 до 4,52±0,16 Ед/мл, а также цитохрома С до  18,8±0,8 пг/мл и каспазы-3 до103,7±3,9 нг/мл. В крови сосудов пуповины новорожденного отмечено нарастание в эритроцитах содержания 2,3-ДФГ до 6,51±0,10 мкмоль/мл и снижение уровня оксигемоглобина до 88,2±0,42% . Заключение: полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что рецидив цитомегаловирусной инфекции на сроке 25-28 недель гестации нарушает морфофункциональное состояние эритроцитов и их способность к оксигенации в крови матери, строение фетоплацентарного барьера и снижает процессы оксигенации гемоглобина в эритроцитах плода, создавая угрозу формирования внутриутробной гипоксии плода.

A new approach to assessment of reproductive losses of the first trimester of pregnancy

Background. At present, the role of cytomegalovirus infection in the disruption of acental formation and associated pathological conditions of the fetus is bvious, which are based on oxidative and inflammatory reactions that cause disruption of igration and invasion of trophoblasts, angiogenic modulation of placental and uterine vessels.Objective: To analyze the quantitative indicators of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, α-tocopherol and docosahexaenoic acid in the peripheral blood in comparison with morphological changes in the placenta and uterine mucosa in seropositive women with spontaneous abortion associated with reactivation of ytomegaloviral infection.Methods: Studies were carried out at 7-9 weeks of gestation. 67 observations were analyzed, including 35 seropositive women in the first trimester with spontaneous abortion associated with reactivation of cytomegaloviral infection and 32 healthy seronerative women with voluntary termination of pregnancy. Stabilized blood from vein, epithelium of the inner surface of the cheek, cervical canal, urine, villous chorion, and uterine mucosa were used as the test material. Enzyme immunoassay was used to detect serological markers of cytomegaloviral infection (CMV-IgG/IgM antibodies, CMV-IgG avidity), hypoxia-induced factor 1α, α-tocopherol – by fluorometric method, PCR (polymerase chain reaction) in real time – DNA CMV, the method of gas-liquid chromatography – docosahexaenoic acid, histological methods – the general plan of the structure of the chorionic villus and the mucous membrane of the uterus.Results: In seropositive women with spontaneous abortion associated with reactivation of cytomegaloviral infection, the average of hypoxia-induced  factor 1α was 1.54 times higher, α-tocopherol and docosahexaenoic acid were 1.71 times lower and 1.40 times lower (p < 0.001, respectively) than in the group of eronegative women. Strong inverse correlations were revealed. Morphologically, there were signs of delayed formation of villi, decidualization of the endometrial stroma and the formation of uteroplacental vessels. Conclusion. In seropositive women with spontaneous abortion associated with reactivation of cytomegaloviral infection, a strong association of high HIF-1α values with decrease in α-tocopherol and docosahexaenoic acid in the peripheral blood was revealed, which can be considered as an unfavorable factor in the disruption of placenta formation