Temporal Logic for Programmable Logic Controllers

We address the formal verification of the control software of critical systems, i.e., ensuring the absence of design errors in a system with respect to requirements. Control systems are usually based on industrial controllers, also known as Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). A specific feature of a PLC is a scan cycle: 1) the inputs are read, 2) the PLC states change, and 3) the outputs are written. Therefore, in order to formally verify PLC, e.g., by model checking, it is necessary to describe the transition system taking into account this specificity and reason both in terms of state transitions within a cycle and in terms of larger state transitions according to the scan-cyclic semantics. We propose a formal PLC model as a hyperprocess transition system and temporal cycle-LTL logic based on LTL logic for formulating PLC property. A feature of the cycle-LTL logic is the possibility of viewing the scan cycle in two ways: as the effect of the environment (in particular, the control object) on the control system and as the effect of the control system on the environment. For both cases we introduce modified LTL temporal operators. We also define special modified LTL temporal operators to specify inside properties of scan cycles. We describe the translation of formulas of cycle-LTL into formulas of LTL, and prove its correctness. This implies the possibility ofmodel checking requirements expressed in logic cycle-LTL, by using well-known model checking tools with LTL as specification logic, e.g., Spin. We give the illustrative examples of requirements expressed in the cycle-LTL logic

Application of Raman spectroscopy to study the inactivation process of bacterial microorganisms

Raman spectroscopy (RS) is one of the promising approaches for structural and functional studies of various biological objects, including bacterial microorganisms. Both traditional biochemical tests and genetic methods which require expensive reagents, consumables and are time-consuming are used for bacterial analysis. Spectroscopic methods are positioned as noninvasive, highly sensitive, and requiring minimal sample preparation. In this work we investigated the possibility of using the RS method using optical sensors based on gold anisotropic nanoparticles. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by studying the effect of a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and an extract of Viburnum opulus L (VO) on Escherichia coli (E. Coli) colonies. The studies were performed by Raman spectroscopy using a Virsa spectrometer (Renishaw). Raman signal amplification was carried out using two original optical sensors proposed by the authors. To create sensors, we used a chemical method of depositing gold nanostars on APTES-modified quartz glasses and a physical method for creating sensors based on anodizing titanium surfaces. The results of the study showed the high sensitivity and information content of the proposed method. The possibility of using the RS method for studying the inactivation of bacterial microorganisms is shown. Spectral Raman bands of E. Coli were determined and identified before and after exposure to VO extract and antibiotic as a control. A decrease in the intensity of spectral modes corresponding to amino acids and purine metabolites was found in the average Raman spectrum of E. Coli after exposure to VO extract. For the first time, a study of the antimicrobial effect of an aqueous extract of VO fruits was carried out by the method of Raman scattering. It has been shown that the use of plant extracts, including VO fruit extracts, to inactivate the vital activity of bacterial colonies is a promising approach to the search for new alternative antibacterial agents. The results obtained are in good agreement with the already known scientific studies and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method

Темпоральная логика для программируемых логических контроллеров

We address the formal verification of the control software of critical systems, i.e., ensuring the absence of design errors in a system with respect to requirements. Control systems are usually based on industrial controllers, also known as Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). A specific feature of a PLC is a scan cycle: 1) the inputs are read, 2) the PLC states change, and 3) the outputs are written. Therefore, in order to formally verify PLC, e.g., by model checking, it is necessary to describe the transition system taking into account this specificity and reason both in terms of state transitions within a cycle and in terms of larger state transitions according to the scan-cyclic semantics. We propose a formal PLC model as a hyperprocess transition system and temporal cycle-LTL logic based on LTL logic for formulating PLC property. A feature of the cycle-LTL logic is the possibility of viewing the scan cycle in two ways: as the effect of the environment (in particular, the control object) on the control system and as the effect of the control system on the environment. For both cases we introduce modified LTL temporal operators. We also define special modified LTL temporal operators to specify inside properties of scan cycles. We describe the translation of formulas of cycle-LTL into formulas of LTL, and prove its correctness. This implies the possibility ofmodel checking requirements expressed in logic cycle-LTL, by using well-known model checking tools with LTL as specification logic, e.g., Spin. We give the illustrative examples of requirements expressed in the cycle-LTL logic.Мы исследуем формальную верификацию управляющего программного обеспечения критических систем, т. е. проверку соответствия функционирования проектируемой системы предъявленным требованиям. Важнейший класс управляющего программного обеспечения составляют программы для программируемых логических контроллеров (ПЛК). Особенностью программ ПЛК является цикл управления: 1) считываются входы, 2) изменяются состояния ПЛК и 3) записываются выходы. Поэтому для формальной верификации программ ПЛК нужна возможность описывать учитывающие эту специфику системы переходов, а также определять свойства систем, моделирующих программы ПЛК, как относительно переходов внутри цикла, так и относительно более крупных переходов в соответствии с семантикой цикла управления. Мы предлагаем формальную модель программы ПЛК как систему переходов гиперпроцессов и темпоральную логику cycle-LTL для формализации свойств ПЛК. Особенностью логики cycle-LTL является возможность рассматривать свойства систем управления двояким образом: воздействие окружения на систему управления и воздействие системы управления на окружение. Мы определяем модификации стандартных темпоральных операторов логики LTL для каждого из этих случаев, а также для свойств внутри цикла управления. Рассмотрены примеры требований, определенных в нашей логике. Описана трансляция формул cycle-LTL в формулы LTL и показана её корректность. Доказана возможность сведения задачи верификации методом проверки моделей для требований, определенных в логике cycle-LTL, к задаче верификации требований, определенных в стандартной логике LTL

Suplementary material_DIB_ACS 40_samples.xlsx

Data are Raman spectra of platelets from patients with acute coronary syndrome</p

SERS spectra of 43 patients with ACS.xlsx

The dataset contains 43 spectra of patients with ACS</p

FDTD Simulations for Rhodium and Platinum Nanoparticles for UV Plasmonics

The article describes the results of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) mathematical modeling of electromagnetic fields distortion near the surfaces of two transition metals: rhodium (Rh) and platinum (Pt) on glass (SiO2) substrates. Results were compared with calculated optical properties of classical SERS generating metals (Au and Ag). We have performed FDTD-based theoretical calculations for UV SERS-active nanoparticles (NPs) and structures based on hemispheres of Rh and Pt and planar surfaces, consisting of single NPs with varied gaps between them. The results have been compared with gold stars, silver spheres and hexagons. The prospects of the theoretical approach for single NPs and planar surfaces modeling to evaluate optimal field amplification and light scattering parameters have been shown. The presented approach could be applied as a basis for performing the methods of controlled synthesis for LPSR tunable colloidal and planar metal-based biocompatible optical sensors for UV and deep-UV plasmonics. The difference between UV-plasmonic NPs and plasmonics in a visible range has been evaluated

Supplementary material_for_PLOS ONE_Manuscript (Zyubin et. al.)

The dataset contains full raw Raman spectroscopy data for the "Spectral homogeneity of human platelets investigated by SERS" manuscript. The dataset contains an .xlsx file with all raw spectral data used for the article<br

FDTD Simulations of Shell Scattering in Au@SiO2 Core&ndash;Shell Nanorods with SERS Activity for Sensory Purposes

The article describes the results of Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) mathematical modeling of electromagnetic field parameters near the surfaces of core&ndash;shell gold-based nanorods in the Au@SiO2 system. Three excitation linewidths (&lambda; = 532, 632.8, and 785 nm) were used for theoretical experiments. Electric field parameters for Au nanorods, Au@SiO2 nanorods, and hollow SiO2 shells have been calculated and evaluated. The correlations between electric field calculated parameters with nanorod morphology and shell size parameters have been clarified. The optical properties of nanoobjects have been simulated and discussed. The highest maximum calculated value of the electric field tension was E = 7.34 V/m. The enhancement coefficient was |E/E0|4 = 3.15 &times; 107 and was obtained on a rod with a SiO2 shell with dimensional parameters of height 70 nm, rod width 20 nm, and shell thickness 20 nm. As a result, a flexible simulation algorithm has been developed for the simulation of electric field parameters in each component of the Au@SiO2 system. The developed simulation algorithm will be applicable in the future for any other calculations of optical parameters in any similar component of the core&ndash;shell system

FTDT simulations of local plasmonic fields for theranostic core-shell gold-based nanoparticles

The paper describes the results of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) mathematical modeling of electromagnetic fields distortion near the surfaces of core-shell gold-based spherical gold nanoparticles (NPs). NPs were consistently functionalized by two shells of different thickness: a water shell, as a model substance for a drug, and an S i O 2 shell, as a capsuling layer. The calculated field values were converted into the electromagnetic field enhancement coefficient and the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) intensity. Prospects of the theoretical approach for core-shell NPs modeling to evaluate optimal field amplification and light-scattering parameters have been shown. The presented approach could be applied as a basis for performing methods of controlled synthesis for colloidal core-shell theranostic NPs.</jats:p