Outflows from compact objects in supernovae and novae

Originally thought of as a constant and unchanging place, the Universe is full of dramas of stars emerging, dying, eating each other, colliding, etc. One of the first transient phenomena noticed were called novae (the name means "new" in Latin). Years later, supernovae were discovered. Despite their names, both novae and supernovae are events in relatively old stars, with supernovae marking the point of stellar death. Known for thousands of years, supernovae and novae remain among the most studied events in our Universe. Supernovae strongly influence the circumstellar medium, enriching it with heavy elements and shocking it, facilitating star formation. Cosmic rays are believed to be accelerated in shocks from supernovae, with small contribution possibly coming from novae. Even though the basic physics of novae is understood, many questions remain unanswered. These include the geometry of the ejecta, why some novae are luminous radio or gamma-ray sources and others are not, what is the ultimate fate of recurrent novae, etc. Supernova explosions are the primary sources of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. The elements up to nuclear masses A around 100 can form through successive nuclear fusion in the cores of stars starting with hydrogen. Beyond iron, the fusion becomes endothermic instead of exothermic. In addition, for these nuclear masses the temperatures required to overcome the Coulomb barriers are so high that the nuclei are dissociated into alpha particles and free nucleons. Hence all elements heavier than A around 100 should have formed by some other means. These heavier nuclear species are formed by neutron capture on seed nuclei close to or heavier than iron-group nuclei. Depending on the ratio between neutron-capture timescale and beta-decay timescale, neutron-capture processes are called rapid or slow (r- and s-processes, respectively). The s-process, which occurs near the valley of stable isotopes, terminates at Bi (Z=83), because after Bi there is a gap of four elements with no stable isotopes (Po, At, Rn, Ac) until we come to stable Th. The significant abundance of Th and U in our Universe therefore implies the presence of a robust source of r-process. The astrophysical site of r-process is still under debate. Here we present a study of a candidate site for r-process, neutrino-heated winds from newly-formed strongly magnetized, rapidly rotating neutron stars ("proto-magnetars"). Even though we find such winds are incapable of synthesizing the heaviest r-process elements like U and Th, they produce substantial amounts of weak r-process (38<Z<47) elements. This may lead to a unique imprint of rotation and magnetic fields compared to such yields from otherwise analogous slowly rotating non-magnetized proto-neutron stars. Novae explosions are not as powerful as those of supernovae, but they occur much more frequently. The standard model of novae assumes a one-stage ejection of mass from the white dwarf following thermonuclear runaway. The discovery by the Fermi space telescope of gamma-rays from classical novae made the existence of shocks in novae outflows evident. The presence of shocks in novae was considered well before the discovery of gamma-ray emission; however, little previous theoretical work acknowledged the overwhelming effect of shocks on observed emission and ejecta geometry. Here we present the calculations of synchrotron radio emission from the shocks as they propagate down the density gradient and peak at the timescale of a few months. The model satisfactory fits observations and has several implications for the physics of novae

Brand Marketing Trends in Russian Social Media

In the paper, the authors have reviewed common actions, an aim of which is consumer engagement in interactions with a brand in social media. They have also reviewed engagement types and effects of their use. Based on a literature review, in a clearer way, the authors have presented attributes of Internet marketing and explored brand-marketing challenges on the Internet. Authors have summarized the information on Russian users' efforts in social media. Based on empirical data, the researchers have made a portrait of media actors and the audience in Russian social media, identified target groups among consumers by a number of criteria. They have also completed an analysis of common ways for promotion of companies (brands) and their products and services, taking into account a structure of social media users and specifics of communication channels. Findings include identified most common lines of business for promotion in a competitive social media based on efficiency of the engagement response (rate) per brand/product-specific page or post. These data have made it possible to formalize strategic goals and possible results of brand marketing for various types of social media

Moving Objects Tracking in Distributed Maritime Observation Systems

This paper considers the processes of target tracking complicated by big data gaps in complex media such as Distributed Maritime Observation System (DMOS). The main purpose of DMOS is to support the favorable navigation conditions, monitoring, life-saving on the sea for different ships in harbors, maritime roads and open sea. DMOS can be considered as a heterogeneous distributed computer system, it includes different layers of services at different levels of abstraction: ship, harbor; regional and global levels. Such a framework is based on several satellite and maritime information systems that nowadays favor the integration of maritime data (e.g., AIS, ECDIS, OPTIMARE, GMDSS). Despite of the input data big volume the situations exist when gaps (e.g., time delays from minutes to hours) between target observations’ points are different. Well known algorithms of target tracking do not work properly in such situations. The proposed approach describes synthesis of analytical and simulation methods at tactical hypothesis development for the cases when suitable direct analytics is not applicable. Also, a joined artificial techniques’ scenario approach to tactical situation hypothesis development is proposed

Cryptoeconomics: expert evaluation methodology of ICO start-ups in the processes of financial innovation management

Objective to develop a new methodological approach to the evaluation of innovative projects and technological startups which organize ICO. Methods method of comparative analysis method of measurement inductive method of cognition logical methods of cognition. Results the paper discusses the events taking place in the market of alternative finances and demonstrates a new methodological approach to assessing the investment and innovation potential of startups implementing the ICO procedure. The methodology of evaluating the ICO startups is presented which enables to make a choice and selection of target projects groups in a particular field of activity for example in fintech insurtech. The stages of this assessment are considered. The developed method has been applied in practice for the evaluation rating of ICO projects in the insurance sector and showed its efficiency. Its use allowed the authors to identify the fraudulent project and choose the ldquobestrdquo one using the rating results. Scientific novelty a methodology was created which enables to conduct expert evaluation of ICO projects. Practical significance the main provisions of the article can be used in the evaluation of startup projects in the work on ratings development. Also the method of expert evaluation can be used in academic and pedagogical activities on the subject of alternative finances ndash ICO