Mechanisms of fractures in ankle and hind-foot injuries to front seat car occupants - an in-depth accident data analysis

An in-depth analysis of 200 Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS) 2+ injuries to the lower extremity in frontal collisions has been performed using impairment scales devised by the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society. The most important subgroup of injuries were identified as ankle/hindfoot injuries. There were 63 such injuries sustained by 53 occupants and these were analyzed in greater depth. Inversion or eversion was identified as the mechanism of injury for 40 % of injuries. However in 70% of these fractures caused by inversion or eversion, minimal or no long term impairment would be expected Injuries associated with significant long-term impairment were attributed to axial forces (i.e. loads perpendicular to the foot). Combined vehicle/injury analysis demonstrated a strong association between toe-pan intrusion and these injuries. Interaction between the occupant and the pedals was identified as a probable injury source in only 25% of injuries to the ankle and hindfoot. The results of this study are being used to plan a program of biomechanical research to establish injury risk functions for the ankle and hindfoot. © Copyright 1997 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc

Linear regressions (ß) of BMI on cardiovascular parameters at rest and their changes in response to stress.

<p>Changes for the stress and recovery periods were calculated with respect to rest. Associations were adjusted for age and sex. Note that mean TPR and compliance fell in response to stress. Therefore, positive associations of these two measures with BMI indicate smaller responses. ^*<i>P</i>&lt;0.05, ^**<i>P</i>&lt;0.01.</p

Partial correlations (r) of adiposity measures with cardiovascular parameters at rest and their changes in response to stress.

*<p><i>P</i>&lt;0.05,</p>**<p><i>P</i>&lt;0.01. Associations were adjusted for age and sex.</p

Mean (±SE) cardiovascular response to stress.

<p>^*<i>P</i>&lt;0.05, ^**<i>P</i>&lt;0.01, ^***<i>P</i>&lt;0.001 for random-effects generalised least squares comparisons of mean values during stress and recovery with initial resting values. ‘+’ symbols refer to similar comparisons between the two stress periods.</p

Participant characteristics.

<p>Participant characteristics.</p

Geometric mean salivary cortisol response to stress, comparing overweight/obese and normal weight participants.

<p>Random-effects generalised least squares regression was used to assess differences. ^*<i>P</i>&lt;0.01, ^**<i>P</i>&lt;0.001. <i>P</i>-values refer to comparisons of the response to stress with respect to rest.</p

Mean cardiovascular response to stress, comparing overweight/obese and normal weight participants.

<p>Three key response variables are shown. Random-effects generalised least squares regression was used to assess differences. ^*<i>P</i>&lt;0.01, ^**<i>P</i>&lt;0.0001. At rest, <i>P</i>-values show the significance of the difference between groups. During stress, <i>P</i>-values refer to comparisons of the response to stress with respect to rest. Values during recovery did not differ significantly from resting values. ^†Blood pressure.</p

Geometric mean (±geometric 95% CI) salivary cortisol response to stress.

<p>^*<i>P</i>&lt;0.05, ^**<i>P</i>&lt;0.01, ^***<i>P</i>&lt;0.001 for random-effects generalised least squares comparisons of values with those at rest.</p