Average normalised EMG amplitude of trunk muscles for 10 epochs (250 ms before and after onset of deltoid EMG).

<p>Up-going panels and down-going panels demonstrate forwards and backwards arm movements, respectively. Filled shapes denote values that differ significantly (<i>p</i><0.05) in amplitude from the baseline, and unfilled shapes denote values that are not different from baseline. Abdominal (OI, OE and RA) and back (Erector spinae at L3 and T7) increased during the same epoch during arm flexion rather than the predicted earlier onset of back muscle activity.</p

Magnitude of thoracic kyphosis based on fracture group.

<p>Mean and 95% confidence interval for each group (fracture and no-fracture) is shown. Thoracic kyphosis was not significantly different between groups (<i>p</i> = 0.660).</p

Descriptive statistics for thoracic kyphosis groups expressed as mean (SD).

a<p>significant difference.</p>†<p>Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly.</p><p>Descriptive statistics for thoracic kyphosis groups expressed as mean (SD).</p

Descriptive statistics for fracture groups expressed as mean (SD).

†<p>Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly.</p><p>Descriptive statistics for fracture groups expressed as mean (SD).</p

Average normalised EMG amplitude of trunk muscles for 10 epochs (250 ms before and after onset of deltoid EMG).

<p>Up-going panels and down-going panels demonstrate forwards and backwards arm movements, respectively. Filled shapes denote values that differ significantly (<i>p</i><0.05) in amplitude from the baseline, and unfilled shapes denote values that are not different from baseline. Activity of back muscles (erector spinae at L3 and T7 increased earlier than flexors (OE and RA) during the forward arm movement.</p

Summary of temporal differences in muscle activity in participants with osteoporosis grouped by presence or not of fracture and low and high kyphosis in (A) forwards and (B) backwards arm movements.

<p>Filled boxes indicate epoch in which muscle activity changes (“↑” increase and “↓” decrease). Boxes without fill indicate no change in activity from baseline.</p

EMG amplitude based on fracture grouping.

<p>EMG amplitude at baseline (<i>epoch</i> 0) and during response (<i>epochs</i> 6–10) for fracture and no-fracture groups during forwards (up-going) and backwards (down-going) arm movements. There was no difference between groups for any muscle.</p

Beliefs related to (a) physical activity (FABQ-pa) and (b) work (FABQ-w) are shown.

<p>Graphs represent responder data for the intervention and control (usual care) groups. Values shown are unadjusted means (i.e.; including baseline estimates) with 95% confidence intervals. Measures were obtained at baseline, 2 and 8 weeks, but data are slightly offset for clarity. Higher scores indicate higher fear avoidance beliefs and attitudes.</p

Estimated effects of pamphlet (with or without education) versus usual care (control) and effects of pamphlet with education versus pamphlet without.

a<p>measured using the Back Beliefs Questionnaire (BBQ), with possible score ranging from 9 to 45 with higher scores indicating more positive beliefs.</p>b<p>measured using Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, with possible score ranging from 0 to 24 for physical activity-related fear and 0 to 42 for work-related fear. Higher scores indicate higher fear avoidance beliefs and attitudes.</p>c<p>measured with numerical rating scale, with possible score ranging from 0 (“no pain”) to 10 (“worst pain”).</p>d<p>measured with numerical rating scale, with possible score ranging from 0 (“no effect on activities of daily living”) to 10 (“unable to perform any activities of daily living”) Data represent adjusted means.</p

Flow diagram of progress of clusters and participants through phases of the cluster-randomised controlled trial.

<p>This study was undertaken in 35 community pharmacies in metropolitan Perth, WA. An index of education and occupation was assigned to each participating pharmacy based on the Australian Bureau of Statistics Socioeconomic Index for Area (SEIFA) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0071918#pone.0071918-AustralianBureauof1" target="_blank">[32]</a>. The ascending distribution of indices across the pharmacies (range: 2–10) was divided into thirds, such that a low, medium and high SEIFA group was created. Pharmacies from within each SEIFA block were then randomised to one of three cluster groups: two intervention groups (pamphlet with education [n = 11]; pamphlet only [n = 11]; and a control (usual care) group [n = 13]) and within each cluster group, the SEIFA range was 2–10, representing an equal spread of education and occupation status across the study clusters. Recruitment occurred via three routes: (i) consumers approached the pharmacist with a prescription for analgesia related to LBP; or (ii) requested non-prescription medication for management of their LBP; or (iii) inquired about the study after seeing study posters within the pharmacy. Pharmacy consumers were then invited to participate in the study if they were currently experiencing LBP, were aged between 18–65 years, and could read and comprehend English.</p