Historical hydroperiods modeled in pine flatwoods wetlands.

<p>Estimated hydroperiods (November–May) from 1896–2014 for two pine flatwoods wetlands (wetland E and O), on Eglin AFB, Florida, used for breeding by <i>Ambystoma bishopi</i> based on generalized linear mixed model predictions of wetland conditions. Change points in average hydroperiod occurred around 1970 and 1999. Change points are indicated by lines above the graph, and the average hydroperiod between each change point is indicated along these lines. The horizontal black line represents the hydroperiod below which <i>A</i>. <i>bishopi</i> cannot successfully reproduce.</p

Hydroperiods in pine flatwoods wetlands on Eglin AFB in northwest Florida.

<p>Measured hydroperiods from 2007–2012 for 17 pine flatwoods wetlands used by <i>Ambystoma bishopi</i> for breeding. Depth measurements used to calculate hydroperiods were recorded at an approximate center point in each wetland. Years are arranged from September–August, and vertical gray lines separate years.</p

Principal component analysis of temperature variables.

<p>Principal component analysis of temperature variables.</p

Average monthly water depth and precipitation in pine flatwoods wetlands on Eglin AFB in northwest Florida.

<p>Average monthly water depth of 17 pine flatwoods wetlands (used for breeding by <i>Ambystoma bishopi</i>) from 2005–2014 versus the average monthly precipitation over the same time period.</p

Results of change-point analysis on wetland hydroperiods.

<p>Results of change-point analysis on wetland hydroperiods.</p

Filling and drying dates for pine flatwoods wetlands on Eglin AFB in northwest Florida.

<p>Filling and drying dates for pine flatwoods wetlands on Eglin AFB in northwest Florida.</p

Parameter estimates for the best-approximating model.

<p>Parameter estimates for the best-approximating model.</p

Generalized linear mixed models.

<p>Generalized linear mixed models.</p

Trends in the Reproductive Phenology of two Great Lakes Fishes

<p>To assess potential effects of climate change on Great Lakes fish populations, we evaluated trends in the reproductive phenology of Yellow Perch <i>Perca flavescens</i> (spring spawner) and Lake Trout <i>Salvelinus namaycush</i> (autumn spawner). For Yellow Perch in Lake Michigan, the estimated reproductive midpoint date (50% of mature females ripe or spent, 50% not yet spawned) took place 6.2 d/decade earlier in the spring near Milwaukee from 1988 to 2012 and 1.8 d/decade earlier in Green Bay from 1980 to 2012. At both locations water temperatures at the spawning sites on the midpoint date showed no trends, but mean water temperatures during the spring at the spawning site and midlake increased over the study period. This suggests that Yellow Perch spawning areas were warming sooner in the spring and that Yellow Perch were spawning earlier to maintain a consistent spawning temperature. Lake Trout phenological patterns were more complex. For Lake Trout in Lake Michigan near Milwaukee, there was a marginally significant trend for spawning to take place 2.1 d/decade later in the autumn from 1983 to 2006. However, water temperatures at the spawning site at the midpoint date did not change and autumn temperatures at the site and at midlake did not show a warming trend. For Lake Trout in Lake Superior near the Apostle Islands, the midpoint date did not change from 1988 to 2012. Water temperatures at the spawning site on the midpoint date and during the autumn also showed no trends, but midlake summer and autumn water temperatures increased significantly. Overall, Yellow Perch in Lake Michigan have shifted reproductive timing in a manner consistent with a warming climate, but the relationship of climate change to reproductive phenology remains unclear for Lake Trout in Lake Michigan and Lake Superior.</p> <p>Received December 15, 2014; accepted August 7, 2015</p

Sampling sites and heat map of Lake Erhai.

<p>(A) Location of icefish sampling sites in three discrete sections of Lake Erhai and (B) heat map for four months of the year documenting observed average water temperature variations across Lake Erhai.</p