44,170 research outputs found
Demographic and Economic Characteristics of Immigrant and Native-Born Populations in Rural and Urban Places
In this brief authors Andrew Schaefer and Marybeth Mattingly use American Community Survey five-year estimates to document demographic and economic characteristics of the immigrant and native-born populations in the United States by metropolitan status. They focus on a wide range of demographic and economic indicators that relate to immigrants’ ability to assimilate and thrive in rural America. They report that compared to the native-born rural population, rural immigrants are more likely to be of working age (18–64), are more racially and ethnically diverse, are less educated, and are more likely to have children. Working rural immigrants are nearly twice as likely as rural native-born workers to be poor. Roughly 97.5 percent of rural immigrants who are citizens speak at least some English, compared to just 84.2 percent of rural immigrants who are not citizens. Citizens are also far less likely to be poor and are almost twice as likely to have a college degree. Their findings on the working poor suggest that economic stability is out of reach for many rural immigrants, particularly those without U.S. citizenship
Epidemiology of parainfluenza virus type 3 in England and Wales over a ten-year period
We have analysed data on respiratory syneytial (RS) and parainfiuenza type 3 (PF3) viruses reported to the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre. London, over the period 1978–87. These confirm the annual winter epidemic of RS virus and show that, in England and Wales, PF3 is a summer infection with regular yearly epidemics
Official Poverty Statistics Mask the Economic Vulnerability of Seniors A Comparison of Maine to the Nation An
In this brief, authors Andrew Schaefer and Beth Mattingly compare Maine, one of the oldest states in the nation, to the United States as a whole. Historically, both children and the elderly were regarded as vulnerable groups in need of support from government programs. Traditional poverty estimates suggest that at least since the late 1960s, senior poverty has been on the decline, whereas poverty among children has increased.
Declines among seniors are largely attributable to the advent of programs such as Social Security. Similar to the nation, about half of Maine seniors (51.0 percent) would be poor without Social Security benefits. However, traditional poverty measurement masks the role rising medical costs play in pushing seniors into poverty. The newer Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM), which accounts for these costs, reveals that more than one in ten Maine seniors over age 55 were living below the poverty line in 2009–2013. This is 2.3 percentage points higher than official estimates suggest. Without medical expenses, the SPM indicates that poverty among Maine seniors would be roughly cut in half, from 10.2 percent to 5.2 percent. A similar reduction is evident across the United States (from 14.2 percent to 9.0 percent), though this represents a smaller relative reduction in poverty (by just over one-third)
Non-parametric models in the monitoring of engine performance and condition: Part 2: non-intrusive estimation of diesel engine cylinder pressure and its use in fault detection
An application of the radial basis function model, described in Part 1, is demonstrated on a four-cylinder DI diesel engine with data from a wide range of speed and load settings. The prediction capabilities of the trained model are validated against measured data and an example is given of the application of this model to the detection of a slight fault in one of the cylinders
The river model of black holes
This paper presents an under-appreciated way to conceptualize stationary
black holes, which we call the river model. The river model is mathematically
sound, yet simple enough that the basic picture can be understood by
non-experts. %that can by understood by non-experts. In the river model, space
itself flows like a river through a flat background, while objects move through
the river according to the rules of special relativity. In a spherical black
hole, the river of space falls into the black hole at the Newtonian escape
velocity, hitting the speed of light at the horizon. Inside the horizon, the
river flows inward faster than light, carrying everything with it. We show that
the river model works also for rotating (Kerr-Newman) black holes, though with
a surprising twist. As in the spherical case, the river of space can be
regarded as moving through a flat background. However, the river does not
spiral inward, as one might have anticipated, but rather falls inward with no
azimuthal swirl at all. Instead, the river has at each point not only a
velocity but also a rotation, or twist. That is, the river has a Lorentz
structure, characterized by six numbers (velocity and rotation), not just three
(velocity). As an object moves through the river, it changes its velocity and
rotation in response to tidal changes in the velocity and twist of the river
along its path. An explicit expression is given for the river field, a
six-component bivector field that encodes the velocity and twist of the river
at each point, and that encapsulates all the properties of a stationary
rotating black hole.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures. The introduction now refers to the paper of
Unruh (1981) and the extensive work on analog black holes that it spawned.
Thanks to many readers for feedback that called attention to our omissions.
Submitted to the American Journal of Physic
Charged Black Hole in a Canonical Ensemble
We consider the thermodynamics of a charged black hole enclosed in a cavity.
The charge in the cavity and the temperature at the walls are fixed so that we
have a canonical ensemble. We derive the phase structure and stability of black
hole equilibrium states. We compare our results to that of other work which
uses asymptotically anti-de Sitter boundary conditions to define the
thermodynamics. The thermodynamic properties have extensive similarities which
suggest that the idea of AdS holography is more dependent on the existence of
the boundary than on the exact details of asymptotically AdS metrics.Comment: 9 pages; 4 multipart figure
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