Two exhibitions of photographs

An exhibition of photographs held at the Fine Arts Gallery in 197

Marketing an Alternate Model for Science and Mathematics Initial Teacher Education

An innovative initial teacher education undergraduate degree has been offered for the first time in 2016 at an Australian University. The degree provides for qualification as a secondary science and mathematics teacher through the completion of a four-year integrated science, mathematics and education program of study where the synergies available through concurrent, integrated study of content and teacher pedagogy are available. The paper describes the results of the analysis of data from science and mathematics school teachers and career advisors in relation to the potential market for the program and perceived advantages and barriers to students selecting the degree

Educational leaders’ perceptions of STEM education revealed by their drawings and texts

This study explored school principals\u27 and teacher educators\u27 perceptions of STEM education based on how they described STEM as a discipline, their understanding of the nature of teaching and learning of STEM, and the capabilities of a STEM-educated person. Data were generated through the Draw a STEM Learning Environment (D-STEM) instrument comprising drawn and written descriptions where participants drew a picture of a STEM learning environment and completed five prompt statements about what STEM is and how an individual develops personal STEM capability. The Legitimation Code Theory (LCT) specialization codes were used for data analysis (198 individual response items in total) to understand how the participants perceive STEM education. Almost half the participant responses indicated knowledge-code perceptions with a smaller but significant number (approximately a third of responses) indicating knower-code perceptions. The remaining responses showed élite-code perceptions, indicating a small proportion of participants valued the development of both disciplinary knowledge/practices and generic skills/attributes in STEM education. We posit that curriculum structure and reporting requirements influence these perceptions. Further research in relation to the influence of such understandings on enacted curriculum is warranted

Patient-Related Risk Factors for Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Total Joint Arthroplasty:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

<div><p>Background</p><p>Periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are dreaded complications of total joint arthroplasties. The risk of developing PJIs is likely to be influenced by several patient factors such as sociodemographic characteristics, body mass index (BMI), and medical and surgical histories. However, the nature and magnitude of the long-term longitudinal associations between these patient-related factors and risk of developing PJIs are uncertain.</p><p>Objective</p><p>To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the associations between several patient-related factors and PJI.</p><p>Data Sources</p><p>MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and reference lists of relevant studies from inception to September 2015.</p><p>Study Selection</p><p>Longitudinal studies with at least one-year of follow-up for PJIs after total joint arthroplasty.</p><p>Data Extraction and Synthesis</p><p>Two investigators extracted data on study characteristics, methods, and outcomes. A consensus was reached with involvement of a third. The relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals was used as the summary measure of association across studies. Study-specific RRs with 95% confidence intervals were meta-analysed using random effect models and were grouped by study-level characteristics.</p><p>Results</p><p>Sixty-six observational (23 prospective cohort and 43 retrospective cohort or case-control) studies with data on 512,508 participants were included. Comparing males to females and smokers to non-smokers, the pooled RRs for PJI were 1.36 (1.18–1.57) and 1.83 (1.24–2.70) respectively. There was no evidence of any significant associations of PJI with age and high alcohol intake. Comparing BMI ≥ 30 versus < 30 kg/m²; ≥ 35 versus < 35 kg/m²; and ≥ 40 versus < 40 kg/m²; the pooled RRs were 1.60 (1.29–1.99); 1.53 (1.22–1.92); and 3.68 (2.25–6.01) respectively. Histories of diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, depression, steroid use, and previous joint surgery were also associated with increased risk of PJI. The results remained similar when grouped by relevant study level characteristics.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Several potentially modifiable patient-related factors are associated with the risk of developing PJIs. Identifying patients with these risk factors who are due to have arthroplasty surgery and modulating these risk factors might be essential in reducing the incidence of PJI. Further research is however warranted to assess the potential clinical utility of these risk factors as risk assessment tools for PJI.</p><p>Systematic Review Registration</p><p>PROSPERO 2015: CRD42015023485</p></div

Effectiveness and reporting standards of psychological interventions for improving short-term and long-term pain outcomes after total knee replacement:a systematic review

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness and reporting standards of psychological interventions for improving outcomes after total knee replacement (TKR).Design: The systematic review protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic reviews (CRD42018095100). MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were searched from inception to up to 9th May 2019 with no language restrictions applied. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effectiveness of psychological interventions for short and long-term post-operative pain after TKR were included. Screening, data extraction and assessment of methodological quality was performed in duplicate by two reviewers. The primary effectiveness outcome was post-operative pain severity and the primary harm outcome was serious adverse events. Secondary outcomes included function, quality of life, and psychological wellbeing. Reporting standards were assessed using the TIDieR checklist for intervention reporting. Results: 12 RCTs were included, with a total of 1299 participants. Psychological interventions comprised music therapy (five studies), guided imagery and music (one study), hypnosis (one study) progressive muscle relaxation with biofeedback (one study), pain coping skills programme (one study), cognitive behavioural therapy (two studies), and a post-operative management programme (one study). Due to the high heterogeneity of interventions and poor reporting of harms data, it was not possible to make any definitive statements about the overall effectiveness or safety of psychology interventions for pain outcomes after TKR. Conclusion: Further evidence about the effectiveness of psychological interventions for improving pain outcomes after TKR is needed. The reporting of harm outcomes and intervention fidelity is currently poor and could be improved. Future work exploring the impact of intervention timing on effectiveness and whether different psychological approaches are needed to address acute post-operative pain and chronic post-operative pain would be of benefit

Risk factors for dislocation after primary total hip replacement:a systematic review and meta-analysis of 125 studies involving approximately five million hip replacements

Background:&nbsp;Dislocation following total hip replacement is associated with repeated admissions to hospital and substantial costs to the health system. Factors influencing dislocation following primary total hip replacement are not well understood. We aimed to assess the association of various factors with dislocation risk following primary total hip replacement. Methods:&nbsp;We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies reporting associations of patient-related, surgery-related, implant-related, and hospital-related factors with dislocation risk after primary total hip replacement. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for all relevant articles published up to March 8, 2019. Summary measures of association were calculated with relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs. This study is registered on PROSPERO, number CRD42019121378. Findings:&nbsp;We identified 149 articles based on 125 unique studies with data on 4 633 935 primary total hip replacements and 35 264 dislocations. The incidence of dislocation ranged from 0&middot;12% to 16&middot;13%, with an overall pooled incidence of 2&middot;10% (95% CI 1&middot;83&ndash;2&middot;38) over a weighted mean follow-up duration of 6 years. Based on the median year of data collection, a significant decline in dislocation rates was observed from 1971 to 2015. The risk of dislocation did not differ significantly between male versus female patients (RR 0&middot;97; 95% CI 0&middot;88&ndash;1&middot;08), was higher in those aged 70 years and older than in those younger than 70 years (1&middot;27; 1&middot;02&ndash;1&middot;57), and was lower in those from high versus low income groups (0&middot;79; 0&middot;74&ndash;0&middot;85). White ethnicity (only when compared with Asian ethnicity), drug use disorder, and social deprivation were significantly associated with increased dislocation risk. The risk of dislocation was higher in patients with body-mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2&nbsp;or higher than in those with BMI lower than 30 kg/m2&nbsp;(RR 1&middot;38; 95% CI 1&middot;03&ndash;1&middot;85). Medical factors and those related to surgical history that were significantly associated with increased dislocation risk included neurological disorder, psychiatric disease, comorbidity indices, previous surgery including spinal fusion, and surgical indications including avascular necrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory arthritis, and osteonecrosis. Surgical factors such as the anterolateral, direct anterior, or lateral approach, and posterior approach with short external rotator and capsule repair were significantly associated with reduced dislocation risk. At the implant level, larger femoral head diameters, elevated acetabular liners, dual mobility cups, cemented fixations, and standard femoral neck lengths significantly reduced the risk of dislocation. Hospital-related factors such as experienced surgeons and high surgeon procedure volume significantly reduced the risk of dislocation. Interpretation:&nbsp;Dislocation following primary total hip replacement has declined over time. Surgical approaches that reduce dislocation risk can be used by clinicians during primary total hip replacement, and alternative bearings such as dual mobility can be used in individuals at high risk of dislocation. Modifiable risk factors such as high BMI and comorbidities might also be amenable to optimisation before surgery. </div

Re-Infection Outcomes Following One- And Two-Stage Surgical Revision of Infected Knee Prosthesis:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND:Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a serious complication of total knee arthroplasty. Two-stage revision is the most widely used technique and considered as the most effective for treating periprosthetic knee infection. The one-stage revision strategy is an emerging alternative option, however, its performance in comparison to the two-stage strategy is unclear. We therefore sought to ask if there was a difference in re-infection rates and other clinical outcomes when comparing the one-stage to the two-stage revision strategy. OBJECTIVE:Our first objective was to compare re-infection (new and recurrent infections) rates for one- and two-stage revision surgery for periprosthetic knee infection. Our second objective was to compare between the two revision strategies, clinical outcomes as measured by postoperative Knee Society Knee score, Knee Society Function score, Hospital for Special Surgery knee score, WOMAC score, and range of motion. DESIGN:Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES:MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, reference lists of relevant studies to August 2015, and correspondence with investigators. STUDY SELECTION:Longitudinal (prospective or retrospective cohort) studies conducted in generally unselected patients with periprosthetic knee infection treated exclusively by one- or two-stage revision and with re-infection outcomes reported within two years of revision surgery. No clinical trials comparing both revision strategies were identified. REVIEW METHODS:Two independent investigators extracted data and discrepancies were resolved by consensus with a third investigator. Re-infection rates from 10 one-stage studies (423 participants) and 108 two-stage studies (5,129 participants) were meta-analysed using random-effect models after arcsine transformation. RESULTS:The rate (95% confidence intervals) of re-infection was 7.6% (3.4-13.1) in one-stage studies. The corresponding re-infection rate for two-stage revision was 8.8% (7.2-10.6). In subgroup analyses, re-infection rates remained generally similar for several study-level and clinically relevant characteristics. Postoperative clinical outcomes of knee scores and range of motion were similar for both revision strategies. LIMITATIONS:Potential bias owing to the limited number of one-stage revision studies and inability to explore heterogeneity in greater detail. CONCLUSIONS:Available evidence from aggregate published data suggest the one-stage revision strategy may be as effective as the two-stage revision strategy in treating infected knee prostheses in generally unselected patients. Further investigation is warranted. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION:PROSPERO 2015: CRD42015017327