A Cross-Sectional Study to Determine Urinary Tract Infections and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns among Pregnant Women attending Antenatal Clinic at Kawempe National Referral Hospital, Uganda.

Background: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a disease of the urinary system. This type of infection involves urethritis, pyro nephritis, or cystitis. Symptoms can be pelvic pain, increased urge to urinate, pain on passing out urine, and blood in the urine (blander infections). A kidney UTI may cause back pain, nausea vomiting, and fever. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional-quantitative study carried out among 300 pregnant mothers attending ANC at Kawempe regional referral hospital in August 2021. Questionnaires were administered to get the biodata of Participants. Urine samples were collected using sterile containers. Urine culture was performed, urine chemistry using ten parameter strip then urine microscopy was done. Chemistry was done using ten parameter strips, urine microscopy and then later culture and sensitivity was done on urine samples with proteinuria. Results: Urine samples with proteinuria were 5.7 % (n=17), more than half of the Urine Samples 52%( n=156) had positive White blood cell cells and 48 %( n=144) had no abnormality detected. Culture on urine samples showed the following isolation, Escherichia.coli 24.3 %( n=9), Klebsiella pneumonia 21.6 %( n=8), Pseudomonas euroginosa 18.9 %( n=7) Staphylococcus aureus 16.22 %(n=6) Enterococcus spp 2.7%(n=1) and Candida albicans16.2 %( n=6). Conclusion: UTI is an infection of some part of your body’s urinary system which may include: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Organisms causing UTIs in pregnancy are the same uropathogens that commonly cause UTI in non-pregnant patients with Escherichia coli being the most commonly isolated organism. Other bacteria include klebishella pneumoniae, staphulococuus, streptococcus,  enterococcus, and pseudomonas. Recommendations: Kawempe National Referral Hospital. Should improve the Laboratory to perform microbiology tests

Thermodynamics: foundations and applications

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Performance of India ink and Acridine orange against culture.

<p>Performance of India ink and Acridine orange against culture.</p

Baseline characteristics of the study population.

<p>Baseline characteristics of the study population.</p

<i>Cryptoccocus</i> yeasts stained with acridine orange and India ink.

<p>(a) Image of a positive acridine orange slide showing <i>Cryptococcus</i> yeasts fluorescing green against a dark background, using a blue filter on a fluorescent microscope. (b) Image of a negative acridine orange slide showing no <i>Cryptococcus</i> yeasts. (c) Image of a positive india ink slide showing a capsule of <i>Cryptococcus</i> yeasts on a bright field light microscope. (d) Image of a negative india ink slide showing no <i>Cryptococcus</i> yeasts. All images were taken at 40x magnification.</p

Venn diagram of the distribution of Cryptococcal meningitis CSF diagnostics.

<p>Distribution of 194 CSF samples from 96 cryptococcal meningitis cases. All samples were positive for CSF cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay. Only 66% of the samples were positive for India ink, acridine orange and culture.</p

Additional file 1: of Evaluation of trypan blue stain in a haemocytometer for rapid detection of cerebrospinal fluid sterility in HIV patients with cryptococcal meningitis

Study raw data. File contains a full set of raw data for the tests performed and baseline clinical and demographics characteristics. (XLSX 570 kb

Identification of Pathogen Genomic Differences That Impact Human Immune Response and Disease during Cryptococcus neoformans Infection

Even with the best available care, mortality rates in cryptococcal meningitis range from 20% to 60%. Disease is often due to infection by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans and involves a complex interaction between the human host and the fungal pathogen. Although previous studies have suggested genetic differences in the pathogen impact human disease, it has proven quite difficult to identify the specific C. neoformans genes that impact the outcome of the human infection. Here, we take advantage of a Ugandan patient cohort infected with closely related C. neoformans strains to examine the role of pathogen genetic variants on several human disease characteristics. Using a pathogen whole-genome sequencing approach, we showed that 40 C. neoformans genes are associated with human disease. Surprisingly, many of these genes are specific to Cryptococcus and have unknown functions. We also show deletion of some of these genes alters disease in a mouse model of infection, confirming their role in disease. These findings are particularly important because they are the first to identify C. neoformans genes associated with human cryptococcal meningitis and lay the foundation for future studies that may lead to new treatment strategies aimed at reducing patient mortality.Patient outcomes during infection are due to a complex interplay between the quality of medical care, host immunity factors, and the infecting pathogen’s characteristics. To probe the influence of pathogen genotype on human survival, immune response, and other parameters of disease, we examined Cryptococcus neoformans isolates collected during the Cryptococcal Optimal Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Timing (COAT) Trial in Uganda. We measured human participants’ survival, meningitis disease parameters, immunologic phenotypes, and pathogen in vitro growth characteristics. We compared those clinical data to whole-genome sequences from 38 C. neoformans isolates of the most frequently observed sequence type (ST), ST93, in our Ugandan participant population and to sequences from an additional 18 strains of 9 other sequence types representing the known genetic diversity within the Ugandan Cryptococcus clinical isolates. We focused our analyses on 652 polymorphisms that were variable among the ST93 genomes, were not in centromeres or extreme telomeres, and were predicted to have a fitness effect. Logistic regression and principal component analysis identified 40 candidate Cryptococcus genes and 3 hypothetical RNAs associated with human survival, immunologic response, or clinical parameters. We infected mice with 17 available KN99α gene deletion strains for these candidate genes and found that 35% (6/17) directly influenced murine survival. Four of the six gene deletions that impacted murine survival were novel. Such bedside-to-bench translational research identifies important candidate genes for future studies on virulence-associated traits in human Cryptococcus infections

Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Blood Culture Isolates at a Tertiary Hospital, Uganda

We summarize antimicrobial drug resistance (AMR) patterns from blood cultures at a tertiary hospital in Uganda. High rates of resistance to first-line antibiotic drugs were observed among Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative organisms. Microbiology services with susceptibility testing should be strengthened to support standardized reporting of AMR data in sub-Saharan Africa