Gestation lengths for 15 nonhuman primates in 1974 and today.

<p>If past and present values were identical they would fall on the solid line (y = x). Points between the dotted lines indicate more recent values that are between 90% to 110% of the 1974 value. Data from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067200#pone-0067200-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Gestation length [days] in nonhuman primates as provided in Sacher & Staffeldt [32] compared to more recent values, for which conceptions were determined based on hormonal analysis or other physiological measures.

<p>A proportion of less than 1.0 indicates that – compared to Sacher & Staffeldt <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067200#pone.0067200-Sacher1" target="_blank">[32]</a> – gestation length is now considered to be shorter in the respective species. A value over 1.0 indicates the opposite. Bold, underlined = current value 1.1 or more; bold italic = current value 0.9 or less. Note also that since 1974 gestation length has been determined for many more than these 15 species.</p>1<p>Species names standardized according to Groves <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067200#pone.0067200-Groves1" target="_blank">[107]</a>.</p>2<p>Identical values in Sacher & Staffeldt <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067200#pone.0067200-Sacher1" target="_blank">[32]</a> for two species.</p>3<p>The two values in Sacher & Staffeldt <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067200#pone.0067200-Sacher1" target="_blank">[32]</a> were averaged.</p>4<p>Value for a closely related species of similar body mass, wild <i>Trachypithecus phayrei.</i></p

Examples for the influence of nutrition on primate life history in three cercopithecoid primates.

<p>Provis = either provisioned by people or with access to crops, a dumpster or in captivity; wild = no access to human-made food. Sample sizes in parentheses. IBI = interbirth interval after surviving infant. Signif. level: difference was significant at *** = <i>P</i><0.001, nt = not tested.</p

Interbirth interval, IBI [log10 months] in relation to adult female body mass [log10 kg] for different databases.

<p>Symbols and abbreviations as in Fig. 2. Note that dotted lines fall on top of the solid lines in the last two plots; i.e., the scaling relationships are very similar for Asian colobines and Asian macaques.</p

Age at first reproduction [log10 years] in relation to adult female body mass [log10 kg] for different databases.

<p>Symbols and abbreviations as in Fig. 2.</p

The effect of premature infant loss on the subsequent interbirth interval (IBI) for example species from all major primate radiations in taxonomic order.

<p>Data for the same, wild population; annual breeders excluded; sample sizes in parentheses, per species the largest sample size was selected; species names according to Groves <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067200#pone.0067200-Groves1" target="_blank">[107]</a> with the exception of <i>Sapajus</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067200#pone.0067200-LynchAlfaro1" target="_blank">[108]</a> and <i>Procolobus</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067200#pone.0067200-Struhsaker1" target="_blank">[109]</a>. Signif. level: difference was significant at * = <i>P≤</i>0.05, ** = <i>P</i><0.01, or *** = <i>P</i><0.001, nt = not tested.</p

Gestation length [log10 days] in relation to adult female body mass [log10 kg] for different databases.

<p>Linear model results and plots for Asian colobines (triangles, dashed lines) and Asian macaques (circles, sold lines); <i>N</i>_C = number of Asian colobine species; <i>N</i>_M = number of Asian macaque species; – = N/A; bold italic = <i>P≤</i>0.05; italic = 0.05<<i>P</i><0.10. Lines only drawn for models with a body mass effect that is significant at alpha = 0.05. Where nutrition is included as an independent variable, filled symbols and bold lines stand for wild/unprovisioned whereas open symbols and non-bold lines stand for provisioned/captive. Body mass data from Smith & Jungers <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067200#pone.0067200-Smith1" target="_blank">[66]</a> and Gordon <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067200#pone.0067200-Gordon1" target="_blank">[67]</a>.</p

Starting_a_compilation

<p>Introductory text with the list of references considered thus far (as pdf) and the data (as excel spreadsheet). This is the beginnig of an ongoing project.</p

c-FLIP_L and c-FLIP_S oppositely modulate caspase-8 activity, IFN-β response, and viral replication, during CVB3 infection.

<p>(A) Immunoblot analysis of whole cell lysate (WCL) and biotin-VAD precipitate (bVAD-IP) for active caspase-8 in MEFs expressing vehicle plasmid (V), c-FLIP_L (F_L), c-FLIP_S (F_S), or caspase-8-deficient MEFs (C8−/−) reconstituted with non-cleavable caspase-8 (C8-nc) and/or FLIP variants. Cells were examined following mock infection (mock) and 24 h post infection with CVB3. Lysates and precipitates were examined for expression of caspase-8 and MAVS. (B) Caspase-8 activity from b-VAD precipitates was quantified by densitometry using Quantity One 4.5.0 software and plotted as fold change compared to uninfected vector control. (C, D) MEF supernatants were examined 24 h post-infection for release of CVB3 virus particles as plaque forming units (PFU) (C) and production of IFN-β (D).</p

Increased CVB3 gene expression in lymphoid cell subsets of c-FLIP_S female mice.

<p>Immunoblot analysis of c-FLIP_L, c-FLIP_S, and CVB3 capsid protein VP1 expression in (A) plasmacytoid DC (pDC), CD4⁺, and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes purified from spleens of wild-type (WT) and c-FLIP_S (Tg⁺) mice. The cell subsets were purified from mock-infected or CVB3-infected mice at 0, 12, 24, and 48 h post-infection. (B) Relative expression of VP1 in different cell subsets was quantified from western blots by densitometry using Quantity One 4.5.0 software and plotted as fold change compared to VP1 detected in pDC isolated from wild-type mice 12 h after CVB3 infection. (C) Infectious Center Assay (ICA) for CVB3 infection of CD4⁺, CD8⁺ T cells and pDC. (D) Real-time PCR quantitation of viral genome copy number in CD4⁺, CD8+ T cells and pDC (Red dashed indicates line limit of detection). The data were obtained from wild-type and transgenic female animals (3 per group). Data were analyzed by the 2^ΔΔCt method using β-actin and / or ribosomal RNA as the calibrator.</p