Backbone of the links of null-model-enhanced local reciprocity, between the equity layer and the five environmental layers, for the year 2010: <i>NO</i>_<i>x</i>, <i>PM</i>10, <i>SO</i>₂, <i>CO</i>₂<i>equivalent</i> and water footprint.

<p>Increasing dark red indicate an increasing out-degree of the node. The hubs are placed in the core of the cloud. The reciprocity analysis confirms that equity is mostly reciprocated with <i>NO</i>_<i>x</i> and <i>SO</i>₂, suggesting a link with the industrial sector.</p

Null-model-enhanced local reciprocity between financial outflows and environmental inflows (local <i>ρ</i>); countries ordered by degree of financialisation, left to right (years 2002–2010).

<p>Financial flows are outgoing and environmental flows are incoming; exports are normalised over columns (example: entry <i>w</i>_<i>ij</i> indicates the share of financial export of country <i>j</i> that is reciprocated by the share of environmental export of country <i>i</i>). On the left the temperature map of the reciprocity values that exceed the significance threshold posed by the null model. White dots indicate that there is no significant reciprocity between countries. Yellow dots concentrate in two regions: bottom-right and upper-right quadrants. The first indicate significant reciprocity among highly financialised countries. The second that there is a significant reciprocity from highly financialised countries to less financialised countries. The right panel shows the backbone network of the reciprocity structure: an arrow indicates a link of an outgoing financial flow reciprocated by an incoming environmental flow. The five hub-countries are shown with red dots.</p

Temperature maps of local reciprocity between financial outflows and environmental inflows (normalised over exports), country panel: countries in alphabetical order, left to right (left panel) and countries ordered for increasing financialisation (right panel), years 2002–2010.

<p>Entries are labelled with numbers from 01 to 33 according to Table B in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136767#pone.0136767.s001" target="_blank">S1 File</a>. From left to right the emerging gradient of yellow indicates that there is a topology in the reciprocity structure that is proportional to the financialisation of countries.</p

Temperature maps of the Pearson correlation index for synergic (flows in the same direction, left panel) and reverse flows (flows in opposite direction, right panel), 2002–2010.

<p>Shade of colours indicate increasing correlation between couple of layers, from light yellow to dark brown. Entries 1–5: FDI, Equity, Short-term Debts, Long-term Debts and Total Debts.</p