31 research outputs found
Freezing Continuous-Flow Self-Assembly in a Microfluidic Device: Toward Imaging of Liposome Formation
A new method is described that combines a microfluidic
device for
the controlled formation of liposomes with instantaneous immobilization
by means of ultrarapid cooling. The microfluidic device is composed
of capillaries to hydrodynamically focus a stream of lipids dissolved
in 2-propanol by two adjacent aqueous buffer streams before rapidly
cooling by propane jet-freezing. The capillary containing the frozen
sheath-flow is subsequently separated from the flow-focusing unit
and trimmed with cryo-ultramicrotomy for imaging with cryo-scanning
electron microscopy (SEM). The emergence of liposomes could be visualized
by cryo-SEM without the need for chemical fixation or labeling. We
demonstrate that the method is capable of revealing in more detail
the formation of nonequilibrium liposomes. Partially and completely
formed liposomes were observed at the miscible alcohol–buffer
interface. The number density of lipid vesicles varied along the focused
interface, and we frequently found clusters of liposomes. Additionally,
evidence for the formation of disclike transient intermediates is
presented. The method is not limited to studying self-assembly processes
only. It can be extended to other biochemical reactions, crystallization
processes, and even systematic interfacial mixing studies between
different solvents
Association of all cause, AIDS and non-AIDS mortality with parental education in infants.
<p>Rate ratios are adjusted for sex and area. Deaths with unknown causes are censored in the analysis of AIDS and non-AIDS mortality.</p
Additional file 1 of Age-disparate and intergenerational sex partnerships and HIV: the role of gender norms among adolescent girls and young women in Malawi
Supplementary Material
Age-specific mortality (per 1000 person years observation [PYO]) from all causes by household characteristics.
<p>Age-specific mortality (per 1000 person years observation [PYO]) from all causes by household characteristics.</p
Association of all cause, AIDS and non-AIDS mortality with household characteristics in infants.
<p>Rate ratios are adjusted for sex and area. Deaths with unknown causes are censored in the analysis of AIDS and non-AIDS mortality.</p
Association of all cause, AIDS and non-AIDS mortality with household characteristics in children 1–4 years of age.
<p>Rate ratios are adjusted for sex, age in one-year intervals, and area. Deaths with unknown causes are censored in the analysis of AIDS and non-AIDS mortality.</p
Age-specific mortality (per 1000 person years observation [PYO]) from all causes by parental education.
<p>Age-specific mortality (per 1000 person years observation [PYO]) from all causes by parental education.</p
Mortality rates by socio-economic status and cause in infants and children age 1–4 years, Karonga District Malawi, 2002-6.
<p>Mortality rates by socio-economic status and cause in infants and children age 1–4 years, Karonga District Malawi, 2002-6.</p
Association of all cause, AIDS and non-AIDS mortality with parental education in children 1–4 years of age.
<p>Rate ratios are adjusted for sex, age in one-year intervals, and area. Deaths with unknown causes are censored in the analysis of AIDS and non-AIDS mortality.</p
Factors associated with TB treatment success among new smear-positive TB/HIV co-infected patients at Martin Preuss Centre between January 2008 and December 2010 <sup>¥</sup> (N = 1,275).
*<p>P-value for likelihood ratio test,</p><p><sup>₣</sup>Adjusted for sex, age, ART status and TB registration year,</p>¥<p>Treatment success = cured/completed treatment.</p