Energy-efficient coding with discrete stochastic events

We investigate the energy efficiency of signaling mechanisms that transfer information by means of discrete stochastic events, such as the opening or closing of an ion channel. Using a simple model for the generation of graded electrical signals by sodium and potassium channels, we find optimum numbers of channels that maximize energy efficiency. The optima depend on several factors: the relative magnitudes of the signaling cost (current flow through channels), the fixed cost of maintaining the system, the reliability of the input, additional sources of noise, and the relative costs of upstream and downstream mechanisms. We also analyze how the statistics of input signals influence energy efficiency. We find that energy-efficient signal ensembles favor a bimodal distribution of channel activations and contain only a very small fraction of large inputs when energy is scarce. We conclude that when energy use is a significant constraint, trade-offs between information transfer and energy can strongly influence the number of signaling molecules and synapses used by neurons and the manner in which these mechanisms represent information

On the fidelity of two pure states

The fidelity of two pure states (also known as transition probability) is a symmetric function of two operators, and well-founded operationally as an event probability in a certain preparation-test pair. Motivated by the idea that the fidelity is the continuous quantum extension of the combinatorial equality function, we enquire whether there exists a symmetric operational way of obtaining the fidelity. It is shown that this is impossible. Finally, we discuss the optimal universal approximation by a quantum operation.Comment: LaTeX2e, 8 pages, submitted to J. Phys. A: Math. and Ge

From quantum pulse gate to quantum pulse shaper -- enigneered frequency conversion in nonlinear optical waveguides

Full control over the spatio-temporal structure of quantum states of light is an important goal in quantum optics, to generate for instance single-mode quantum pulses or to encode information on multiple modes, enhancing channel capacities. Quantum light pulses feature an inherent, rich spectral broadband-mode structure. In recent years, exploring the use of integrated optics as well as source-engineering has led to a deep understanding of the pulse-mode structure of guided quantum states of light. In addition, several groups have started to investigate the manipulation of quantum states by means of single-photon frequency conversion. In this paper we explore new routes towards complete control of the inherent pulse-modes of ultrafast pulsed quantum states by employing specifically designed nonlinear waveguides with adapted dispersion properties. Starting from our recently proposed quantum pulse gate (QPG) we further generalize the concept of spatio-spectral engineering for arbitrary \chitwo-based quantum processes. We analyse the sum-frequency generation based QPG and introduce the difference-frequency generation based quantum pulse shaper (QPS). Together, these versatile and robust integrated optics devices allow for arbitrary manipulations of the pulse-mode structure of ultrafast pulsed quantum states. The QPG can be utilized to select an arbitrary pulse mode from a multimode input state, whereas the QPS enables the generation of specific pulse modes from an input wavepacket with Gaussian-shaped spectrum.Comment: 21 pages, 9 figure

Representation of acoustic communication signals by insect auditory receptor neurons

Despite their simple auditory systems, some insect species recognize certain temporal aspects of acoustic stimuli with an acuity equal to that of vertebrates; however, the underlying neural mechanisms and coding schemes are only partially understood. In this study, we analyze the response characteristics of the peripheral auditory system of grasshoppers with special emphasis on the representation of species-specific communication signals. We use both natural calling songs and artificial random stimuli designed to focus on two low-order statistical properties of the songs: their typical time scales and the distribution of their modulation amplitudes. Based on stimulus reconstruction techniques and quantified within an information-theoretic framework, our data show that artificial stimuli with typical time scales of >40 msec can be read from single spike trains with high accuracy. Faster stimulus variations can be reconstructed only for behaviorally relevant amplitude distributions. The highest rates of information transmission (180 bits/sec) and the highest coding efficiencies (40%) are obtained for stimuli that capture both the time scales and amplitude distributions of natural songs. Use of multiple spike trains significantly improves the reconstruction of stimuli that vary on time scales <40 msec or feature amplitude distributions as occur when several grasshopper songs overlap. Signal-to-noise ratios obtained from the reconstructions of natural songs do not exceed those obtained from artificial stimuli with the same low-order statistical properties. We conclude that auditory receptor neurons are optimized to extract both the time scales and the amplitude distribution of natural songs. They are not optimized, however, to extract higher-order statistical properties of the song-specific rhythmic patterns

Elementary excitations of the symmetric spin-orbital model: The XY limit

The elementary excitations of the 1D, symmetric, spin-orbital model are investigated by studying two anisotropic versions of the model, the pure XY and the dimerized XXZ case, with analytical and numerical methods. While they preserve the symmetry between spin and orbital degrees of freedom, these models allow for a simple and transparent picture of the low--lying excitations: In the pure XY case, a phase separation takes place between two phases with free--fermion like, gapless excitations, while in the dimerized case, the low-energy effective Hamiltonian reduces to the 1D Ising model with gapped excitations. In both cases, all the elementary excitations involve simultaneous flips of the spin and orbital degrees of freedom, a clear indication of the breakdown of the traditional mean-field theory.Comment: Revtex, two figure

On the spectrum of closed k=2 flux tubes in D=2+1 SU(N) gauge theories

We calculate the energy spectrum of a k=2 flux tube that is closed around a spatial torus, as a function of its length l. We do so for SU(4) and SU(5) gauge theories in 2 space dimensions. We find that to a very good approximation the eigenstates belong to the irreducible representations of the SU(N) group rather than just to its center, Z_N. We obtain convincing evidence that the low-lying states are, for l not too small, very close to those of the Nambu-Goto free string theory (in flat space-time). The correction terms appear to be typically of O(1) in appropriate units, much as one would expect if the bosonic string model were an effective string theory for the dynamics of these flux tubes. This is in marked contrast to the case of fundamental flux tubes where such corrections have been found to be unnaturally small. Moreover we find that these corrections appear to be particularly small when the `phonons' along the string have the same momentum, and large when their momentum is opposite. This provides information about the detailed nature of the interactions in the effective string theory. We have searched for, but not found, extra states that would arise from the excitation of the massive modes presumably associated with the non-trivial structure of the flux tube.Comment: 37 pages, 16 figures, minor changes to text and figure

A Theoretical Study on Chlorobenzonitriles

The three isomers of chlorobenzonitrile (CBN) and the corresponding radical anions are investigated by semiempirical methods in order to Study the regioselectivity of solvated hydrogen and hydroxy radical attacks. Additional negative charge is distributed upon reduction at the chlorine and cyano subunits and in para-position to the cyano group. Most of the negative charge (about 70%) is located in the aromatic ring. The different protonation sites for the negatively charged radical and neutral species are explained by distinctly different electro-negativities. The observed position of a hydroxy radical attack on 2-chlorobenzonitrile is correlated to the relative stabilities of the six possible addition products. The electron density contribution of 2-CBN as calculated by the Mulliken population analysis method is in excellent agreement with the experimentally observed formation of different products: The 2-chloro-5-hydroxybenzonitrile is the preferentially created species, with both the 4- and 6-hydroxy isomers as important sideproducts

Car-oriented mean-field theory for traffic flow models

We present a new analytical description of the cellular automaton model for single-lane traffic. In contrast to previous approaches we do not use the occupation number of sites as dynamical variable but rather the distance between consecutive cars. Therefore certain longer-ranged correlations are taken into account and even a mean-field approach yields non-trivial results. In fact for the model with $v_{max}=1$ the exact solution is reproduced. For $v_{max}=2$ the fundamental diagram shows a good agreement with results from simulations.Comment: LaTex, 10 pages, 2 postscript figure

A Theoretical Study on Chlorobenzonitriles

The three isomers of chlorobenzonitrile (CBN) and the corresponding radical anions are investigated by semiempirical methods in order to Study the regioselectivity of solvated hydrogen and hydroxy radical attacks. Additional negative charge is distributed upon reduction at the chlorine and cyano subunits and in para-position to the cyano group. Most of the negative charge (about 70%) is located in the aromatic ring. The different protonation sites for the negatively charged radical and neutral species are explained by distinctly different electro-negativities. The observed position of a hydroxy radical attack on 2-chlorobenzonitrile is correlated to the relative stabilities of the six possible addition products. The electron density contribution of 2-CBN as calculated by the Mulliken population analysis method is in excellent agreement with the experimentally observed formation of different products: The 2-chloro-5-hydroxybenzonitrile is the preferentially created species, with both the 4- and 6-hydroxy isomers as important sideproducts