Bistable Helmholtz dark spatial optical solitons in materials with self-defocusing saturable nonlinearity

We present, to the best of our knowledge, the first exact dark spatial solitons of a nonlinear Helmholtz equation with a self-defocusing saturable refractive-index model. These solutions capture oblique (arbitrary-angle) propagation in both the forward and backward directions, and they can also exhibit a bistability characteristic. A detailed derivation is presented, obtained by combining coordinate transformations and direct-integration methods, and the corresponding solutions of paraxial theory are recovered asymptotically as a subset. Simulations examine the robustness of the new Helmholtz solitons, with stationary states emerging from a range of perturbed input beams

Additional file 3: Table S3a. of Prospective associations of meat consumption during childhood with measures of body composition during adolescence: results from the GINIplus and LISAplus birth cohorts

Prospective association of tertiles of meat and meat protein intakes with FMI and FFMI in females (n = 636) adjusted for EAA, SFA, MUFA or PUFA. Table S3b. Prospective association of tertiles of meat and meat protein intakes with FMI and FFMI in males (n = 673) adjusted for EAA, SFA, MUFA or PUFA. (PDF 272 kb

Exclusion of recorded days due to quality control in the ongoing GINIplus study.

<p>(NWT: non-wear time, NWT-sport: non-wear time during sport activities, algorithm: NHANES algorithm for detecting NWT <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0065192#pone.0065192-National1" target="_blank">[33]</a>).</p

Mean (SD), % and 95% CI of PA intensity levels (minutes/day).

*<p>Significant differences between boys and girls, *p<0.001, NWT-sport: non-wear time during sport activities with imputed data due to diary comments on type of sport, MVPA = moderate-to-vigorous activity.</p

Response rate to accelerometry in the ongoing GINIplus study (date: June 2012).

<p>Response rate to accelerometry in the ongoing GINIplus study (date: June 2012).</p

Descriptive characteristics of adolescents.

*<p>Significant differences between boys and girls, mean (± SD), p<0.001.</p

Process of data management and criteria of quality control in the ongoing GINIplus study.

<p>(NWT: non-wear time, NWT-sport: non-wear time during sport activities, Freedson et al. 2005 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0065192#pone.0065192-Freedson1" target="_blank">[29]</a>, NHANES algorithm for detecting NWT <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0065192#pone.0065192-National1" target="_blank">[33]</a>).</p

Percentage of girls and boys with at least 60 minutes of MVPA according to weekday (Mon-Sun).

<p>Differences between days were not significant in boys and of borderline significance in girls (p<0.054). *Significant differences between boys and girls, p = 0.02.</p

Population characteristics.

<p>Population characteristics.</p

Spirometric indices and grip strength.

<p><b>Basic Model.</b> Corrected only for age, height, lean body mass, nutritional intervention, and study center (Munich/Wesel).</p