Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for active TB disease in prisoners.

<p>Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for active TB disease in prisoners.</p

Prison characteristics and prevalence of TB by prison.

<p>Prison characteristics and prevalence of TB by prison.</p

Overall study flow.

<p>Total prisons included, inmates screened, identified suspects and detected TB cases were presented by absolute number.</p

Socio demographic characteristics and TB risk factors of participants.

<p>Socio demographic characteristics and TB risk factors of participants.</p

Group characteristics and immunological results of the 96 subjects enrolled in the cross-sectional study.

<p>NA = not applicable; ART = antiretroviral treatment; PPD⁺ CD27 Ratio = number of PPD-specific CD4 T cells positive for IFN gamma divided by the number of respective CD27⁻ CD4 T cells.</p><p>*Diagnostic concordance MTB culture defines the proportion of concordant results defined by PPD response and CD27 expression of PPD-specific CD4 T cells.</p

Additional file 2: of First report on bla NDM-1-producing Acinetobacter baumannii in three clinical isolates from Ethiopia

Strain information and accession numbers. (DOCX 24 kb

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Drug resistance and population structure of M.tuberculosis isolates from prisons and communities in Ethiopia

Radial UPGMA tree based on the copy numbers of MIRU-VNTR 24-loci of 109 isolates of the current study and additional 240 isolates from Tessema et al. Inner circle: lineages and sub-lineages (EAI - East African Indian, LAM - Latin American Mediterranean, CAS - Central Asia). Small rectangle in the second circle: affiliation of the isolate (green - current study, red - Tessema et al. northwest Ethiopia). Small rectangle in the third circle: drug resistance pattern (green - fully susceptible, red - MDR, blue - resistant but not MDR). Small rectangle in the outer circle: clustering according to 24-loci MIRU-VNTR and spoligotyping pattern analysis; isolates with identical genotyping profile are highlighted in same color. (PNG 2468 kb

Characterization of CD27 expression on PPD-specific CD4 T cells in whole blood.

<p>(A) The cut off for CD27 expression was determined based on the corresponding isotype control for each antibody. Shown is a representative staining for IFNγ-FITC and CD27-PE as well as their corresponding IgG₁ isotype controls that were used to determine the cut off. (B) Gating strategy to identify PPD-specific CD4 T cells and to analyse the CD27 expression on IFNγ-positive CD4 T cells after 6 h of PPD-stimulation during the cross-sectional study. (C) Representative staining for negative and positive controls using PPD diluent and SEB, respectively, for stimulation.</p

Down regulation of CD27 on PPD-specific CD4 T cells is associated with active Tuberculosis independent of the HIV status and with progression to active TB in a HIV⁺ seroconverter.

<p>(A) Ratio of IFNγ⁺ CD4 T cells that are CD27⁺ divided by those that are CD27⁻ is shown for 4 different groups of PPD responders delineated by TB disease state and by HIV serology. CD4⁺ T cells were analyzed for each sample using a whole blood intracellular cytokine assay. (B) Histogram analysis of CD27 expression on IFNγ⁺ PPD-specific CD4 T cells (blue line) and total CD4 T cells (black line, grey) over a 15 months period in two subjects who became HIV infected. Subject H19 (<b>upper panel</b>) was diagnosed and treated for active TB 15 months after HIV infection. Subject H228 (<b>lower panel</b>) did not develop TB within three years after HIV infection. Longitudinal analysis of CD27 expression for one subject was determined simultaneously by flow cytometry.</p

Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF Assay and other methods with reference standard for both HIV-positive and -negative participants.

a<p>all culture results include speciation test results (for confirmation of M<i>tb</i> or exclusion of M<i>tb</i> in case when NTM present).</p>b<p>reference standard for confirmed TB- diagnosis, defined as at least one positive culture (LJ or Mgit) confirmed as <i>Mtb</i> in speciation of per patient analysis; <i>Mtb-</i> negative defined as all cultures negative (LJ and Mgit) for <i>Mtb</i> in per patient analysis, speciation results included.</p><p>Smear = Sputum smear microscopy after ZN-staining; LJ = Loewenstein-Jensen culture on solid media; Mgit = BACTEC MGIT 960 liquid culture.</p