Novel stochastic framework for automatic segmentation of human thigh MRI volumes and its applications in spinal cord injured individuals.

Severe spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to skeletal muscle atrophy and adipose tissue infiltration in the skeletal muscle, which can result in compromised muscle mechanical output and lead to health-related complications. In this study, we developed a novel automatic 3-D approach for volumetric segmentation and quantitative assessment of thigh Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) volumes in individuals with chronic SCI as well as non-disabled individuals. In this framework, subcutaneous adipose tissue, inter-muscular adipose tissue and total muscle tissue are segmented using linear combination of discrete Gaussians algorithm. Also, three thigh muscle groups were segmented utilizing the proposed 3-D Joint Markov Gibbs Random Field model that integrates first order appearance model, spatial information, and shape model to localize the muscle groups. The accuracy of the automatic segmentation method was tested both on SCI (N = 16) and on non-disabled (N = 14) individuals, showing an overall 0.93±0.06 accuracy for adipose tissue and muscle compartments segmentation based on Dice Similarity Coefficient. The proposed framework for muscle compartment segmentation showed an overall higher accuracy compared to ANTs and STAPLE, two previously validated atlas-based segmentation methods. Also, the framework proposed in this study showed similar Dice accuracy and better Hausdorff distance measure to that obtained using DeepMedic Convolutional Neural Network structure, a well-known deep learning network for 3-D medical image segmentation. The automatic segmentation method proposed in this study can provide fast and accurate quantification of adipose and muscle tissues, which have important health and functional implications in the SCI population

Improvements in bladder, bowel and sexual outcomes following task-specific locomotor training in human spinal cord injury

<div><p>Objective</p><p>Locomotor training (LT) as a therapeutic intervention following spinal cord injury (SCI) is an effective rehabilitation strategy for improving motor outcomes, but its impact on non-locomotor functions is unknown. Given recent results of our labs’ pre-clinical animal SCI LT studies and existing overlap of lumbosacral spinal circuitries controlling pelvic-visceral and locomotor functions, we addressed whether LT can improve bladder, bowel and sexual function in humans at chronic SCI time-points (> two years post-injury).</p><p>Study design</p><p>Prospective cohort study; pilot trial with small sample size.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Eight SCI research participants who were undergoing 80 daily one-hour sessions of LT on a treadmill using body-weight support, or one-hour of LT and stand training on alternate days, as part of another research study conducted at the Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, were enrolled in this pilot trial. Urodynamic assessments were performed and International Data Set questionnaire forms completed for bladder, bowel and sexual functions at pre-and post-training time points. Four usual care (non-trained; regular at-home routine) research participants were also enrolled in this study and had the same assessments collected twice, at least 3 months apart.</p><p>Results</p><p>Filling cystometry documented significant increases in bladder capacity, voiding efficiency and detrusor contraction time as well as significant decreases in voiding pressure post-training relative to baseline. Questionnaires revealed a decrease in the frequency of nocturia and urinary incontinence for several research participants as well as a significant decrease in time required for defecation and a significant increase in sexual desire post-training. No significant differences were found for usual care research participants.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>These results suggest that an appropriate level of sensory information provided to the spinal cord, generated through task-specific stepping and/or loading, can positively benefit the neural circuitries controlling urogenital and bowel functions.</p><p>Trial registration</p><p>ClinicalTrials.gov <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03036527" target="_blank">NCT03036527</a></p></div

LUT elements adapted from international SCI data set [74].

<p>LUT elements adapted from international SCI data set [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0190998#pone.0190998.ref074" target="_blank">74</a>].</p

Bowel items from international SCI data set [75, 76].

<p>Bowel items from international SCI data set [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0190998#pone.0190998.ref075" target="_blank">75</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0190998#pone.0190998.ref076" target="_blank">76</a>].</p

Summary of sexual function data.

<p>Sexual function domain scores for desire and satisfaction (total score from two 5 point questions). Group means are provided in the bottom histogram. Whereas scores for desire significantly increased post-training (*, p = .04), overall satisfaction remained unchanged. Note that scores above the two point minimum for satisfaction were given when research participants reported engagement in sexual activity.</p

Summary of cystometry data for usual care participants.

<p>Summary of cystometry results for the four non-trained research participants at two different time points. No significant differences were found between any parameters. Shown are group means (± SD) for capacity, leak point pressure (LPP), maximum detrusor pressure (MDP) and contraction duration (CD).</p

Leak point pressure data summary.

<p>Intravesical bladder pressure values at the onset of leak/void in six of eight research participants during cystometry. (A) A comparison of pre- and post-training bladder leak pressure values in each of the six participants. A binomial proportion test indicates that a significant majority of the research participants demonstrated an improvement in overall bladder leak point pressure (vs. random occurrence, p < .05). (B) The intravesical pressure at the time the leak/void was recorded was significantly reduced post-training (p < .01, 63.8 ± 18.3 vs 42.7 ± 18.6 cmH₂O).</p

Bladder capacity data summary.

<p>Bladder filling ceased and capacity measured (leak + residual volumes) with the occurrence of either spontaneous urine leakage (n = 5; reflex void), autonomic dysreflexia (n = 2; Participants A60 and C42) or a voluntary void following a strong urge (AIS D Participant C43). (A) A comparison of pre- and post-training bladder capacity values in each of the eight participants. A binomial proportion test indicates that a significant majority of the research participants demonstrated an improvement in bladder capacity (vs. random occurrence, p < .05). Note that research participant B23 had a suprapubic catheter and thus, the increase in capacity was incremental. (B) Bladder capacity increased significantly post-training (p = .02, 155.4 ± 76.1 vs 278.5 ± 147.8 ml).</p

Methods flowchart.

<p>Urodynamic and questionnaires (bladder, bowel and sexual function assessments) were conducted after clinical evaluation for eligibility. After approximately 80 locomotor training sessions or usual care (at home in usual routine between assessments for an equivalent time period for 80 training sessions), assessments were repeated. Each participant served as their own control. Individual and group data were analyzed at the conclusion of the study.</p

Bladder contraction data summary.

<p>A comparison of pre- and post-training bladder contraction values (area under the curve and duration) for the eight research participants receiving LT. All research participants had an improvement in the detrusor contraction area (<b>A</b>) and 7/8 had improved duration (<b>B</b>). Collectively, the group values post-training (<b>C</b>) were significantly greater compared to pre-train values (area—p = .016; duration–p = .019). An example of the entire detrusor muscle contraction cycle is provided for participant A59 (<b>D</b>) to illustrate a greater capacity for bladder filling was maintained post-training and generated a larger voiding contraction for a longer duration.</p