Iluzija nagiba mjeseca

The moon tilt illusion is the startling discrepancy between the direction of the light beam illuminating the moon and the direction of the sun. The illusion arises because the observer erroneously expects a light ray between sun and moon to appear as a line of constant slope according to the positions of the sun and the moon in the sky. This expectation does not correspond to the reality that observation by direct vision or a camera is according to perspective projection, for which the observed slope of a straight line in three-dimensional space changes according to the direction of observation. Comparing the observed and expected directions of incoming light at the moon, we derive a quantitative expression for the magnitude of the moon tilt illusion that can be applied to all configurations of sun and moon in the sky.Iluzija nagiba mjeseca zapanjujući je raskorak između svjetlosne zrake koja osvjetljava mjesec i smjera sunca. Ona se povećava, jer promatrač pogrešno očekuje da zraka svjetla između sunca i mjeseca bude pravac konstantnog koeficijenta smjera s obzirom na položaj sunca i mjeseca na nebu. Ovakvo očekivanje ne odgovara stvarnosti kod koje je promatranje s direktnom osi pogleda, ili s kamerom, u skladu s perspektivom (centralnim projiciranjem) za koju se promatrani koeficijent smjera pravca u trodimenzionalnom prostoru mijenja s obzirom na os pogleda. Uspoređujući promatrane i očekivane smjerove zrake usmjerene na mjesec, izvodimo kvantitativan izraz za veličinu iluzije nagiba mjeseca koji se može primijeniti na sve položaje sunca i mjeseca na nebu

Iluzija nagiba mjeseca

The moon tilt illusion is the startling discrepancy between the direction of the light beam illuminating the moon and the direction of the sun. The illusion arises because the observer erroneously expects a light ray between sun and moon to appear as a line of constant slope according to the positions of the sun and the moon in the sky. This expectation does not correspond to the reality that observation by direct vision or a camera is according to perspective projection, for which the observed slope of a straight line in three-dimensional space changes according to the direction of observation. Comparing the observed and expected directions of incoming light at the moon, we derive a quantitative expression for the magnitude of the moon tilt illusion that can be applied to all configurations of sun and moon in the sky.Iluzija nagiba mjeseca zapanjujući je raskorak između svjetlosne zrake koja osvjetljava mjesec i smjera sunca. Ona se povećava, jer promatrač pogrešno očekuje da zraka svjetla između sunca i mjeseca bude pravac konstantnog koeficijenta smjera s obzirom na položaj sunca i mjeseca na nebu. Ovakvo očekivanje ne odgovara stvarnosti kod koje je promatranje s direktnom osi pogleda, ili s kamerom, u skladu s perspektivom (centralnim projiciranjem) za koju se promatrani koeficijent smjera pravca u trodimenzionalnom prostoru mijenja s obzirom na os pogleda. Uspoređujući promatrane i očekivane smjerove zrake usmjerene na mjesec, izvodimo kvantitativan izraz za veličinu iluzije nagiba mjeseca koji se može primijeniti na sve položaje sunca i mjeseca na nebu

Integral gene drives for population replacement

A first generation of CRISPR-based gene drives has now been tested in the laboratory in a number of organisms, including malaria vector mosquitoes. Challenges for their use in the area-wide genetic control of vector-borne disease have been identified, including the development of target site resistance, their long-term efficacy in the field, their molecular complexity, and practical and legal limitations for field testing of both gene drive and coupled anti-pathogen traits. We have evaluated theoretically the concept of integral gene drive (IGD) as an alternative paradigm for population replacement. IGDs incorporate a minimal set of molecular components, including drive and anti-pathogen effector elements directly embedded within endogenous genes – an arrangement that in theory allows targeting functionally conserved coding sequences without disrupting their function. Autonomous and non-autonomous IGD strains could be generated, optimized, regulated and imported independently. We performed quantitative modeling comparing IGDs with classical replacement drives and show that selection for the function of the hijacked host gene can significantly reduce the establishment of resistant alleles in the population, while drive occurring at multiple genomic loci prolongs the duration of transmission blockage in the face of pre-existing target site variation. IGD thus has potential as a more durable and flexible population replacement strategy

A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive targeting doublesex causes complete population suppression in caged Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes

In the human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, the gene doublesex (Agdsx) encodes two alternatively spliced transcripts, dsx-female (AgdsxF) and dsx-male (AgdsxM), that control differentiation of the two sexes. The female transcript, unlike the male, contains an exon (exon 5) whose sequence is highly conserved in all Anopheles mosquitoes so far analyzed. We found that CRISPR–Cas9-targeted disruption of the intron 4–exon 5 boundary aimed at blocking the formation of functional AgdsxF did not affect male development or fertility, whereas females homozygous for the disrupted allele showed an intersex phenotype and complete sterility. A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive construct targeting this same sequence spread rapidly in caged mosquitoes, reaching 100% prevalence within 7–11 generations while progressively reducing egg production to the point of total population collapse. Owing to functional constraint of the target sequence, no selection of alleles resistant to the gene drive occurred in these laboratory experiments. Cas9-resistant variants arose in each generation at the target site but did not block the spread of the drive