Mediation model of health behaviors on academic performance via affect on between- and within-person level.

<p>Mediation model of health behaviors on academic performance via affect on between- and within-person level.</p

Sample characteristics.

<p><i>Note</i>. <i>Learning goal achievement</i> was rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 0 (not at all) to 4 (completely); <i>sleep quality</i> was rated on a 4-point Likert scale from 1 (very bad) to 4 (very good); minutes of mild, moderate and strenuous <i>physical activity</i> were converted into metabolic equivalents; experiencing <i>positive and negative affect</i> was rated on a 7-point Likert scale from 1 (not at all) to 7 (extremely).</p><p>Sample characteristics.</p

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Cortisol concentrations in women with low, moderate, and high compliance.

<p>Saliva cortisol concentrations were averaged across two sampling days representing estimated values from a linear mixed model.</p

Self-reported and objective compliance with scheduled saliva sampling across experimental groups.

a<p>Number in sample for self-reported compliance is four less than number in sample for objective compliance because of missing data in self-report questionnaires.</p>b<p>Including the +30-min, +45-min, and +60-min samples on two consecutive days.</p>c<p>Including the +30-min, +45-min, +60-min samples and the 1100 h, 1500 h, 2000 h, and 2200 h samples on two consecutive days.</p><p>SD, standard deviation.</p

Demographic variables^a across experimental groups.

a<p>If not otherwise specified, median (25 percentile; 75 percentile) is reported.</p>b<p>Number of pregnant women (percent) is reported.</p

Illustrates time course of skin conductance responses (SCR, group means).

<p>For this illustration the median (neuroticism score: 1.67) served as the boundary between the high and the low neuroticism groups (please note: in the statistical model neuroticism was used as continuous variable). Five video clip presentations were averaged into one block, i.e. the first block summarizes five video clip presentations that showed laughing infants at the beginning of the fMRI experiment, the following six blocks summarize each five video clip presentations that showed crying children, and finally the last block summarizes five video clip presentations that showed laughing children at the end of the fMRI experiment. Women scoring higher on neuroticism showed overall stronger skin conductance responses to the ongoing exposure to film clips of crying infants. Error bars indicate standard errors.</p

Significant fMRI blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal for the contrast <i>perception of crying infants > baseline</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.05 FWE corrected, clustersize clustersize ≥ 15 voxel).

<p>Peak MNI-coordinates and T-values are given. Anatomical assignments were performed using a probabilistic anatomical atlas system [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0161181#pone.0161181.ref041" target="_blank">41</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0161181#pone.0161181.ref042" target="_blank">42</a>].</p

Illustrates significant fMRI blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal decline during crying infant (CI) presentations.

<p>Significant response decrements (<i>p</i> < 0.05, FWE-corrected) during CI presentations are shown in purple and rendered on a standard brain surface, (<b>a</b>) the left and (<b>b</b>) right hemisphere. The outline of brain-surface projections of the areas BA44/45 and TE3 from a probabilistic atlas system [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0161181#pone.0161181.ref041" target="_blank">41</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0161181#pone.0161181.ref042" target="_blank">42</a>] are indicated by black and green lines. <b>(c)</b> to <b>(f)</b>: Significant BOLD signal decline (i.e., habituation) was found in the fusiform gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, TE3 (superior temporal gyrus [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0161181#pone.0161181.ref040" target="_blank">40</a>]), and in the right BA 45. Median percentage of BOLD signal change over the 30 CI presentations for the four example peaks shown in (a) and (b). Error bars indicate standard errors.</p

Significant fMRI blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal decline during crying infant presentations.

<p>(<i>p</i> < 0.05 FWE corrected, clustersize clustersize ≥ 15 voxel). IPC = inferior parietal cortex, hOC = human occipital lobe, Te = auditory cortex, EC = entorhinal cortex, SUB = subicular complex, LB = laterobasal amygdala, area 45 = Broca’s homologue, and area 6 = premotor cortex. Peak MNI-coordinates and T-values are given. Anatomical assignments were performed using a probabilistic anatomical atlas system [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0161181#pone.0161181.ref041" target="_blank">41</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0161181#pone.0161181.ref042" target="_blank">42</a>]</p