Solid-State Structure of a Degradation Product Frequently Observed on Historic Metal Objects

In the course of the investigation of glass-induced metal corrosion processes, a microcrystalline sodium copper formate hydroxide oxide hydrate, Cu₄Na₄O­(HCOO)₈­(H₂O)₄(OH)₂, was detected on a series of antique works of art, and its crystal structure was determined ab initio from high-resolution laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data using the method of charge flipping, simulated annealing, and difference-Fourier analysis (<i>P</i>4₂/<i>n</i>, <i>a</i> = 8.425 109(97) Å, <i>c</i> = 17.479 62(29) Å, <i>V</i> = 1240.747(35) ų, <i>Z</i> = 8). In the crystal structure, the metal cations are interconnected in a two-dimensional metal–organic framework via the oxygen atoms of the formate, hydroxide, and oxide anions. Doublets of face-sharing square pyramidal Cu²⁺ polyhedra are linked via a single, central oxide oxygen atom to give a paddle-wheel arrangement, while the Na⁺ cations are organized in Na₂O₁₁ moieties with highly disordered, edge-sharing octahedral coordination. In addition, hydrogen bonding plays an important role in stabilizing the crystal structure

Glass-Induced Lead Corrosion of Heritage Objects: Structural Characterization of K(OH)·2PbCO₃

The investigation of the corrosion of a lid made from a tin–lead alloy of a 200 years old beer jug induced by the degradation of the potash based glass revealed SnO, Cerussite (PbCO₃) and K­(OH)·2PbCO₃ as main corrosion product. A model experiment, simulating the corrosion of lead at room temperature confirmed the formation of K­(OH)·2PbCO₃ as a corrosion product in alkaline, potassium containing medium. For detailed characterization K­(OH)·2PbCO₃ was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis, as well. K­(OH)·2PbCO₃ crystallizes in space group <i>P</i>6₃/<i>mmc</i> with lattice parameters of <i>a</i> = 5.3389(1) Å and <i>c</i> = 13.9295(5) Å. The structure consists of Pb­(OH)_1/2(CO₃)_6/9[CO₃]_3/9^1/2‑ layers and intercalated K⁺ and exhibits a close relationship to the crystal structure of hydrocerussite (Pb­(OH)₂·2PbCO₃), also known as “lead white”. A novel structure family, <i>M</i>^<i>n+</i>(OH)_<i>n</i>·2PbCO₃ (with <i>n</i> = 1,2), was identified by structure solution of K­(OH)·2PbCO₃, which can be assigned to a 2<i>H</i>-type subspecies and detailed comparison to Pb­(OH)₂·2PbCO₃, which represents a 3<i>R</i>-type subspecies

Presentation_1_Rapid hearing threshold assessment with modified auditory brainstem response protocols in dogs.pdf

IntroductionAuditory brainstem response (ABR) is the gold standard for hearing testing in dogs. ABR is commonly used in puppies to diagnose congenital sensorineural deafness. Long test times limit the use for a more comprehensive hearing screening in veterinary practice. This study aimed to establish a super-fast hearing screening protocol in dogs.MethodsHearing thresholds were routinely measured with a mobile device designed for newborn hearing screening in 90 dogs. We introduced modifications of the ABR protocol, e. g., a binaural test mode, higher stimulus rates, a broadband chirp stimulus, and an algorithm for automatic peak V detection in a stepwise fashion. Hearing thresholds were then measured with fast protocols utilizing either 30 Hz click or 90 Hz broadband chirp stimuli with 80, 60, 40, 30, 20, 10, 0 and −10 dBnHL stimulation intensities. Interrater reliability, agreement between click and chirp hearing thresholds and correlations with clinical characteristics of the dogs were assessed.ResultsUsing all innovations, the test time for hearing threshold assessment in both ears was reduced to 1.11 min (mean). The chirp stimulus accentuated both, peak V and the subsequent trough, which are essential features for judgement of the hearing threshold, but preceding peaks were less conspicuous. Interrater reliability and agreement between click and chirp hearing threshold was excellent. Dogs >10 years of age and dogs with abnormal hearing score or otitis score had significantly higher hearing thresholds than younger dogs (p ≤ 0.001) or dogs without abnormalities (p ConclusionThe results demonstrate that modifications in ABR protocols speed-up test times significantly while the quality of the recordings for hearing threshold assessment is maintained. Modified ABR protocols enable super-fast hearing threshold assessment in veterinary practice.</p

Data_Sheet_2_Rapid hearing threshold assessment with modified auditory brainstem response protocols in dogs.pdf

IntroductionAuditory brainstem response (ABR) is the gold standard for hearing testing in dogs. ABR is commonly used in puppies to diagnose congenital sensorineural deafness. Long test times limit the use for a more comprehensive hearing screening in veterinary practice. This study aimed to establish a super-fast hearing screening protocol in dogs.MethodsHearing thresholds were routinely measured with a mobile device designed for newborn hearing screening in 90 dogs. We introduced modifications of the ABR protocol, e. g., a binaural test mode, higher stimulus rates, a broadband chirp stimulus, and an algorithm for automatic peak V detection in a stepwise fashion. Hearing thresholds were then measured with fast protocols utilizing either 30 Hz click or 90 Hz broadband chirp stimuli with 80, 60, 40, 30, 20, 10, 0 and −10 dBnHL stimulation intensities. Interrater reliability, agreement between click and chirp hearing thresholds and correlations with clinical characteristics of the dogs were assessed.ResultsUsing all innovations, the test time for hearing threshold assessment in both ears was reduced to 1.11 min (mean). The chirp stimulus accentuated both, peak V and the subsequent trough, which are essential features for judgement of the hearing threshold, but preceding peaks were less conspicuous. Interrater reliability and agreement between click and chirp hearing threshold was excellent. Dogs >10 years of age and dogs with abnormal hearing score or otitis score had significantly higher hearing thresholds than younger dogs (p ≤ 0.001) or dogs without abnormalities (p ConclusionThe results demonstrate that modifications in ABR protocols speed-up test times significantly while the quality of the recordings for hearing threshold assessment is maintained. Modified ABR protocols enable super-fast hearing threshold assessment in veterinary practice.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Rapid hearing threshold assessment with modified auditory brainstem response protocols in dogs.pdf

IntroductionAuditory brainstem response (ABR) is the gold standard for hearing testing in dogs. ABR is commonly used in puppies to diagnose congenital sensorineural deafness. Long test times limit the use for a more comprehensive hearing screening in veterinary practice. This study aimed to establish a super-fast hearing screening protocol in dogs.MethodsHearing thresholds were routinely measured with a mobile device designed for newborn hearing screening in 90 dogs. We introduced modifications of the ABR protocol, e. g., a binaural test mode, higher stimulus rates, a broadband chirp stimulus, and an algorithm for automatic peak V detection in a stepwise fashion. Hearing thresholds were then measured with fast protocols utilizing either 30 Hz click or 90 Hz broadband chirp stimuli with 80, 60, 40, 30, 20, 10, 0 and −10 dBnHL stimulation intensities. Interrater reliability, agreement between click and chirp hearing thresholds and correlations with clinical characteristics of the dogs were assessed.ResultsUsing all innovations, the test time for hearing threshold assessment in both ears was reduced to 1.11 min (mean). The chirp stimulus accentuated both, peak V and the subsequent trough, which are essential features for judgement of the hearing threshold, but preceding peaks were less conspicuous. Interrater reliability and agreement between click and chirp hearing threshold was excellent. Dogs >10 years of age and dogs with abnormal hearing score or otitis score had significantly higher hearing thresholds than younger dogs (p ≤ 0.001) or dogs without abnormalities (p ConclusionThe results demonstrate that modifications in ABR protocols speed-up test times significantly while the quality of the recordings for hearing threshold assessment is maintained. Modified ABR protocols enable super-fast hearing threshold assessment in veterinary practice.</p

sj-jpg-1-hol-10.1177_09596836221126133 – Supplemental material for Ötzi, 30 years on: A reappraisal of the depositional and post-depositional history of the find

Supplemental material, sj-jpg-1-hol-10.1177_09596836221126133 for Ötzi, 30 years on: A reappraisal of the depositional and post-depositional history of the find by Lars Pilø, Thomas Reitmaier, Andrea Fischer, James H Barrett and Atle Nesje in The Holocene</p

sj-jpg-2-hol-10.1177_09596836221126133 – Supplemental material for Ötzi, 30 years on: A reappraisal of the depositional and post-depositional history of the find

Supplemental material, sj-jpg-2-hol-10.1177_09596836221126133 for Ötzi, 30 years on: A reappraisal of the depositional and post-depositional history of the find by Lars Pilø, Thomas Reitmaier, Andrea Fischer, James H Barrett and Atle Nesje in The Holocene</p

Supplementary Table 2

<p>Intra-rater agreement for video selfassessment with the three examination modes. Calculations are based on 200 cat eyes, resulting from 50 evaluated cats per examiner</p

Supplementary Table 4

<p>Comparison of menace response score differences (%) in the left and right eyes with the three examination modes</p

Supplementary Table 3

<p>Inter-rater agreement for extrinsic video assessment with three examination modes. Calculations are based on 200 cat eyes resulting from 50 evaluated cats per examiner</p