Blood culture positives (%) according to day of sample.

<p>The percentage of positive blood cultures is shown for each day with a grouping for weekday and weekend. Mann-Whitney U test demonstrates a significant difference (p = 0.0402) between weekday (16.5% positive) and weekend (12.1% positive) samples. This equates to a 26.7% decrease in positive cultures at the weekend.</p

Blood culture results by source of clinical infection (%).

<p>The number of cultures with and without growth according to the source of clinical infection. Source of infection is split into systems for convenience. NB the scale is split for respiratory infection—the most common indication for blood culture in our cohort.</p

Blood culture positives and contaminants (false positives) (%) in sequential samples.

<p>The change in the percentage of positive blood cultures (solid black line) and the percentage positive cultures considered a contaminant (broken black line) is shown at each sample point.</p

Type and frequency of organisms grown in patient cohort.

<p>The growth and frequency of organisms defined according to laboratory analysis is shown in descending order. Total number of positive cultures is 245. NB: there were 10-paired samples of coagulase-negative <i>Staphylococcus (CNS)</i>. A paired sample growing <i>CNS</i> is usually pathogenic [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0141361#pone.0141361.ref022" target="_blank">22</a>] and not considered to be a contaminant.</p

Patient demographics and outcomes according to blood culture positivity.

<p>Table describes demographic and outcome data for patients split by blood culture result: one or more positive blood cultures vs. all cultures negative. Data is presented as frequency (n), median, interquartile range (IQR) and percentage (%). Advanced respiratory support is the number of days requiring ventilation, APACHE II is the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score—used at admission for patients in our critical unit.</p><p>Patient demographics and outcomes according to blood culture positivity.</p

Nasal wash IgG response to pneumococcal purified protein antigens.

<p>ELISAs were performed using pneumococcal antigens PspA (A), PspC (B), PdB (C) and PsaA (D) to determine specific IgG in subject's pre and post 23F (<i>n</i> = 7) or 6B (<i>n</i> = 8) pneumococcal challenge (x-axis). Values shown are the mean antibody concentration (of triplicates). Antibodies to PspA and PspC are expressed in µg/ml and antibodies to PdB and PsaA are expressed in arbitrary units/ml (y-axis). *represents statistical significance between pre- and post-challenge antibody levels.</p

Frequency of antigen specific CD4 T cell responses before and after 23F or 6B challenge.

<p>Blood (A and C) and BAL (B and D) responses are shown pre and post 23F (A and B) or 6B (C and D) challenge. The proportion of flu and pneumococcal specific (x-axis) CD4+CD45RO+ T cells producing either TNF ± IFNγ ± IL-17 (or combinations thereof) (y-axis) were analysed by multi-parameter flow cytometry. Shown are mean values ± SD of at least 6 paired samples.</p

23F and 6B cohort study details.

<p>23F and 6B cohort study details.</p

Serum IgG response to pneumococcal antigens.

<p>ELISAs were performed using pneumococcal antigens PspA (A), PspC (B), PdB (C) and PsaA (D) to determine specific IgG in subjects pre and post 23F (<i>n</i> = 7) or 6B (<i>n</i> = 8) pneumococcal challenge (x-axis). Values shown are the mean antibody concentration (of triplicates). Antibodies to PspA and PspC are expressed in µg/ml and antibodies to PdB and PsaA are expressed in arbitrary units/ml (y-axis). *represents statistical significance between pre- and post-challenge antibody levels.</p

IgG and IgA responses to whole cell 23F or 6B pneumococci following 23F or 6B challenge, respectively.

<p>ELISAs were performed using 23F or 6B pneumococci as targets to measure specific IgG (A, C and E) and IgA (B, D and F) titers in serum (A and B), NW (C and D) and BAL (E and F). Values shown are the mean antibody titers (of triplicates), pre and post 23F (<i>n</i> = 7) or 6B (<i>n</i> = 8) challenge (x-axis). *represents statistical significance between pre- and post-inoculation antibody titers.</p