Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Dialysis Patients: Epidemiological Analysis and Evaluation of the Clinical Progress

This study investigated the impact of the fourth COVID-19 pandemic wave on dialysis patients of Romagna territory, assessing the associations of vaccination status with infection risk, clinical severity and mortality. From November 2021 to February 2022, an epidemiological search was conducted on 829 patients under dialysis treatment for at least one month. The data were then analyzed with reference to the general population of the same area. A temporal comparison was also carried out with the previous pandemic waves (from March 2020 to October 2021). The epidemiological evolution over time in the dialysis population and in Romagna citizens replicated the global trend, as the peak of the fourth wave corresponded to the time of maximum diffusion of omicron variant (B.1.1.529). Of 771 prevalent dialysis patients at the beginning of the study, 109 (14.1%) contracted SARS-CoV-2 infection during the 4-month observation period. Vaccine adherence in the dialysis population of the reference area was above 95%. Compared to fully or partially vaccinated subjects, the unvaccinated ones showed a significantly higher proportion of infections (12.5% vs. 27.0% p = 0.0341), a more frequent need for hospitalization (22.2% vs. 50.0%) and a 3.3-fold increased mortality risk. These findings confirm the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in keeping infectious risk under control and ameliorating clinical outcomes in immunocompromised patients

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: Extrarenal Involvement

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common hereditary kidney disorder, but kidneys are not the only organs involved in this systemic disorder. Individuals with the condition may display additional manifestations beyond the renal system, involving the liver, pancreas, and brain in the context of cystic manifestations, while involving the vascular system, gastrointestinal tract, bones, and cardiac valves in the context of non-cystic manifestations. Despite kidney involvement remaining the main feature of the disease, thanks to longer survival, early diagnosis, and better management of kidney-related problems, a new wave of complications must be faced by clinicians who treated patients with ADPKD. Involvement of the liver represents the most prevalent extrarenal manifestation and has growing importance in the symptom burden and quality of life. Vascular abnormalities are a key factor for patients’ life expectancy and there is still debate whether to screen or not to screen all patients. Arterial hypertension is often the earliest onset symptom among ADPKD patients, leading to frequent cardiovascular complications. Although cardiac valvular abnormalities are a frequent complication, they rarely lead to relevant problems in the clinical history of polycystic patients. One of the newest relevant aspects concerns bone disorders that can exert a considerable influence on the clinical course of these patients. This review aims to provide the “state of the art” among the extrarenal manifestation of ADPKD

[Acute kidney injury in severely burned patient: prevention and treatment]

: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is associated with a great increase in morbidity and mortality in severely burned patients and occurs as a complication in more than 25% of these cases. The onset of ARF may be early or late. Early AKI depends mainly on reduced cardiac output resulting from fluid loss, rhabdomyolysis, or hemolysis. Late AKI, instead, is usually a consequence of sepsis and is often associated with multiorgan failure (MOF). The first sign of AKI is the contraction of diuresis despite adequate volemic filling, which is followed by elevation of serum urea and creatinine. Fluid therapy is the main treatment in the burned victim: in the first few hours after injury, it aims to avoid hypovolemic shock and the possible related MOF, while later it becomes the cornerstone of treatment, besides antibiotic therapy in the case of sepsis onset. Particular care must also be taken in the choice of administered drugs in order to avoid possible nephrotoxic damage in addition to burning injury. Hemodialytic renal replacement therapy is used both for water balance management in patients requiring massive fluid infusions and for blood purification purposes to control the metabolic state, acid-base balance, and electrolytes abnormality. Our team has been collaborating for over 25 years in the management of severely burned patients admitted to the Centro Grandi Ustionati at the Bufalini Hospital in Cesena