Will the use of anabolic androgenic steroids become a significant cardiovascular risk factor in the future?

Introduction and purpose: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality in many European countries. Major modifiable risk factors include dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking and diabetes. The aim of our study is to draw attention to the possible impact of the use of anabolic androgenic steroids on increased cardiovascular risk. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Currently, an increasing proportion of the population uses anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). This situation applies not only to athletes, but also to amateurs. The use of AAS may be associated with numerous complications. These include an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The literature describes the effect of AAS use on the occurrence of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hypertension and metabolic syndrome. All these metabolic disorders result in increased cardiovascular risk. To prevent complications, it seems best to withdraw AAS gradually under medical supervision to minimize withdrawal effects. Conclusion: The use of AAS may cause cardiovascular disease, but additional long-term studies are needed to prove this. It is necessary to sensitize patients and doctors to the problem of AAS abuse in society, because this issue can become a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in near future

Energy drinks - product ingredients and their potential toxicity

Energy drinks (NE) are popular stimulants among adolescents and adults. They are commercial, advertised, widely available products that contain increased amounts of caffeine, and are designed to reduce feelings of fatigue in favor of increased mental and physical performance. In addition to caffeine, various ingredients such as vitamins, dyes or substances that impart a certain flavor are added to NEs. Many cases have been described of the harmful effects of NE used alone and in combination with alcohol on the human body: including on the digestive system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system or kidneys. We decided to analyze and compare with each other the composition of NEs from the most popular manufacturers available in most Polish grocery stores. We then briefly described the most important substances available in NE and reviewed the literature on their potential toxicity.  It is reasonable for physicians and teachers to educate young people and their parents about the harmfulness of NE, especially when children are suspected of taking large amounts. Further observations and studies monitoring the harmfulness of NEs are needed, and the drinks themselves should be subject to special surveillance