Desordens musculoesqueléticas em violinistas e violistas profissionais: revisão sistemática Musculoskeletal disorders in professional violinists and violists: systematic review

Devido à alta demanda física e psicológica de trabalho, os músicos possuem grande risco de desenvolver uma variedade de problemas de saúde. As maiores causas de desordens musculoesqueléticas observadas em instrumentistas são excesso de uso, compressão nervosa e distonia focal. O objetivo deste artigo é identificar as desordens musculoesqueléticas que acometem com maior freqüência os violinistas e violistas profissionais. Foram lidos 50 artigos, desses, 24 foram utilizados. A escala PEDro foi utilizada para atestar a qualidade dos artigos. A definição dos fatores de risco pode ajudar na elaboração de programas de prevenção. Tocar instrumentos musicais envolve combinação de ações, incluindo movimentos rápidos, repetitivos e complicados das mãos e dedos. As cadeiras não oferecem outra opção senão a adaptação do corpo frente às exigências posturais. Para atingir destreza necessária para se tornar um músico de alto nível, são necessárias muitas horas de treinamento e aperfeiçoamento. O pescoço, ombro e a articulação temporomandibular são os mais afetados devido à posição prolongada de flexão da cabeça e ombro para segurar o violino, cotovelo e dedos também são alvos de desordens. É necessário alertar aos músicos de como são os sintomas iniciais para evitar que o distúrbio se agrave. Nível de Evidência I, Centro de Medicina baseada em Evidência, Oxford, Reino Unido.<br>Due to the high physical and psychological demands of their work, musicians have a high risk of developing a range of health problems. The main causes of musculoskeletal disorders seen in instrumentalists are overuse, nerve compression and focal dystonia. The aim of this paper is to identify the musculoskeletal disorders that most frequently affect professional violinists and violists. 50 articles were read, of which 24 were used. The PEDro scale was used to determine the quality of the articles. The definition of risk factors can help in the development of prevention programs. Playing a musical instrument involves a combination of actions, including rapid, repetitive and complicated movements of the hands and fingers. The chairs used offer no other option than to adapt to the demands of body posture. To achieve the necessary skills to become a musician of a high standard, many hours of training and perfection are required. The neck, shoulder and temporomandibular joints are the most commonly affected areas, due to prolonged flexion of the head and shoulder required to hold the violin. The elbow and fingers are also common sites of disorders. It is necessary to warn musicians of the initial symptoms, and how they can prevent the disorder from worsening. Level I Evidence (Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Oxford, UK)

Acute kidney injury in the tropics

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most challenging problems faced by clinicians in the tropics owing to its fast-changing burden. AKI in the tropics is strikingly different from that in the developed world in terms of etiology and presentation. In addition, there is a stark contrast between well-developed and poor areas in the tropics. The true epidemiological picture of AKI in the tropics is not well understood due to the late presentation of patients to tertiary centers. Infections remain the major culprit in most cases of AKI, with high mortality rates in the tropics. Human immunodeficiency virus–related AKI, related to nephrotoxicity due to antiretroviral therapy, is on the rise. Acute tubular necrosis and thrombotic microangiopathy are the most common mechanisms of AKI. A notable problem in the tropics is the scarcity of resources in health centers to support patients who require critical care due to AKI. This article reviews the unique and contrasting nature of AKI in the tropics and describes its management in each situation