18 research outputs found

    Los costos laborales en Mendoza en el año 2020

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    El presente trabajo de investigación propone realizar un estudio sobre los costos laborales en Mendoza en el año 2020, y el impacto del Aislamiento Social, Preventivo y Obligatorio en el convenio de comercio, durante dicho período en el cual la pandemia azotaba a todo el mundo, y con el propósito de obtener información específica sobre los despidos, la doble indemnización, lo que implica el artículo 223bis, los subsidios, la postergación del pago del SIPA, la registración contable y el impacto en el formulario 931. El estudio se encuentra compuesto por tres capítulos: en el primero se analizará la liquidación de sueldos, en condiciones normales y en condiciones de pandemia, para poder apreciar el impacto y las medidas tomadas en una situación extraordinaria como la sucedida. En el segundo capítulo, se estudiará el efecto de estas medidas en el formulario 931. Y en el último se tratarán las medidas gubernamentales. Y para concluir se trata de comprobar la hipótesis planteada y hacer referencia a como los empleadores vivenciaron este momento y estas medidas.Fil: Di'Marco, Victoria Daniela. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.Fil: Fritzler, Rocío Micaela. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.Fil: Sepúlveda Vega, Andrés. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.Fil: Torrez Andrade, Edith Soledad. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas

    Effects of direct and diffuse contamination by pesticides on zooplankton at different scales of analysis

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    Fil: Andrade, Victoria Soledad. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; Argentina.Los plaguicidas convergen en los ambientes acuáticos conformando mezclas, dependiendo su dinámica de diversos factores. El zooplancton es una comunidad sensible a los cambios en el ambiente. El objetivo fue analizar el efecto de una mezcla de glifosato y cipermetrina en Ceriodaphnia dubia y en un ensamble de zooplancton, y analizar la escorrentía de plaguicidas y nutrientes por lluvias, y su efecto sobre el zooplancton en sistemas acuáticos de la Provincia de Santa Fe. El glifosato y la cipermetrina interactuaron sinérgicamente sobre la toxicidad letal de C. dubia. En mesocosmos, ambos plaguicidas interactuaron sinérgicamente sobre Cladocera y Copepoda. En estudios de campo, la calidad del agua de los arroyos disminuyó luego del evento de lluvia: aumentaron las concentraciones de plaguicidas, el amonio, fósforo reactivo soluble (FRS), demanda biológica de oxígeno (DBO) y turbidez. Durante la pre-emergencia de los cultivos, el amonio, el FRS, la DBO y la turbidez aumentaron, además de la concentración de plaguicidas pre-emergentes (metolacloro). Los plaguicidas en agua de escorrentía dependieron de su solubilidad, la pendiente lateral y la vegetación ribereña leñosa. La escorrentía de plaguicidas y nutrientes afectó al zooplancton disminuyendo su equitatividad. El caudal fue un factor determinante de la comunidad. Los cladóceros se vieron afectados por factores relacionados las etapas fenológicas de los cultivos (conductividad, turbidez, DBO y FRS). Estos resultados constituyen un aporte significativo al estudio de los efectos de las mezclas de plaguicidas y manifiestan la relevancia de realizar biomonitoreos considerando los factores que inciden en la deriva de plaguicidas y nutrientes.Pesticides converge in aquatic environments conforming mixtures and their dynamic depends on different factors. Zooplankton is a community sensitive to environmental changes. The objective was to analyze the effect of a mixture of glyphosate and cypermethrin in Ceriodaphnia dubia and an assemblage of zooplankton, and to analyze the runoff of pesticides and nutrients due to rainfall, and its effect on zooplankton in aquatic systems of Santa Fe Province. Glyphosate and cypermethrin interacted synergistically on the lethal toxicity of C. dubia. In mesocosms, both pesticides interacted synergistically on Cladocera and Copepoda. In field studies, stream water quality decreased after the rainfall event: concentrations of pesticides, ammonia, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and turbidity increased. During the pre-emergence of the crops, ammonia, SRP, BOD and turbidity increased, in addition to the concentration of pre-emergent pesticides (metolachlor). Pesticides in runoff water depended on their solubility, side slope, and woody riparian vegetation. Pesticide and nutrient runoff affected zooplankton, reducing their equitability. The flow was a determining factor for the community. The cladocerans were affected by factors related to the phenological stages of the crops (conductivity, turbidity, BOD and SRP). These results constitute a significant contribution to the study of the effects of pesticide mixtures and show the relevance of carrying out biomonitoring considering the factors that influence the drift of pesticides and nutrients.Universidad Nacional del LitoralAgencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológic

    Effect of rainfall runoff from agricultural areas and seasonal crop practices on zooplankton community in Pampean streams, Argentina

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    Extreme climatic events are considered one of the main consequences of climate change. In the Pampas region, Argentina, an intensification of rainfall is expected during the periods of maximum agrochemical application. This study assesses the main factors determining the zooplankton community attributes in three streams belonging to the agricultural Pampas region, Argentina, and the effect of rainfall and seasonal crop practices on the zooplankton community composition. Sampling campaigns were performed before and after three rainfall events during two seasonal crop practices: (1) soybean chemical fallow-sowing and corn vegetative growth-flowering, (2) soybean vegetative growth-grain filling and corn sowing. The runoff in agricultural areas affected the zooplankton community attributes and composition. The biological oxygen demand, turbidity, and conductivity were the main water quality variables affecting the zooplankton community attributes. The increase of these variables after rainfall or during pre-emergence crop practices favoured the zooplankton groups most tolerant to eutrophication such as Bdelloidea, Chydoridae, Moinidae, and Sididae. Factors such as rainfall and seasonal crop practices must be considered in environmental monitoring design.Fil: Andrade, Victoria Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias. Laboratorio de Ecotoxicologia; ArgentinaFil: Gutierrez, María Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Gagneten, Ana María. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias. Laboratorio de Ecotoxicologia; Argentin

    Effects of bifenthrin on microcrustaceans grazing behavior on a phytoplankton assemblage dominated by Cyanobacteria

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    Insecticides are widely used for pest control and frequently reach aquatic systems, imposing a risk to the biota. In this work, the effect of environmental concentrations of bifenthrin on the grazing capacity of Simocephalus vetulus (Cladocera) and Argyrodiaptomus falcifer (Copepoda) on phytoplankton was evaluated. Fifteen microcrustacean individuals and a natural phytoplankton assemblage dominated by Cyanobacteria were exposed during 46 h to three concentrations of bifenthrin (C0 0 μg L-1, C1 0.02 μg L-1, and C2 0.05 μg L-1). A significant decrease in both microcrustaceans grazing rates on total phytoplankton was observed in C2 compared to C0 and C1. The filtration rate (ml ind-1 h-1) of S. vetulus decreased significantly for the cyanobacteria Anabaenopsis arnoldii, Dolichospermum circinale, and Glaucospira sp. in C2 compared to C0 and C1. The ingestion rate (org ind-1 h-1) of A. falcifer decreased significantly in C1 and C2 compared to C0 only for A. arnoldii. Regarding phytoplankton morphological groups, the filtration rate of S. vetulus decreased in C1 and C2 compared to C0 for Colonies and Coenobiums in C2 concerning C0 and C1 for Filaments and in C2 compared to C0 for Silicified. For A. falcifer, the ingestion rate was reduced in C2 compared to C0 for Silicified, Flagellated, and Sessile. The results showed that bifenthrin affected both microcrustaceans grazing capacity on phytoplankton, especially at the highest insecticide concentration.Fil: Frau, Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Andrade, Victoria Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Lares, Betsabe Ailén. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Gutierrez, Marìa Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina. Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hospital Doctor Ramón Carrillo; Argentin

    Shifts in Zooplankton Behavior Caused by a Mixture of Pesticides

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    Behavioral changes have been considered as appropriate to evaluate sublethal effects of pollutants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a mixture of pesticides, with glyphosate and 2,4-D (Gly + 2,4-D) as active ingredients, on the zooplankton evasion behavior from the fish Cnesterodon decemmaculatus. An increase in the evasion behavior was observed for copepods at two different concentrations of the Gly + 2,4-D mixture, for cladocerans at the lowest pesticide concentration, and for rotifers at the highest pesticide concentration. The response time to the fish signals also differed, being copepods faster than cladocerans and rotifers. All the exposed organisms showed higher variability in their distribution over time than those of controls (without pesticides). Our results suggest that the Gly + 2,4-D mixture formulations may have a mimetic effect with the fish alarm signals. The potential consequences of maladaptive responses triggered by pesticides, as well as the increased swimming activity, are discussed.Fil: Andrade, Victoria Soledad. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Gutierrez, Marìa Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Fantón, Noelia Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias; ArgentinaFil: Gagneten, Ana María. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias; Argentin

    Facing predation risk in aquatic systems: Differential response of zooplankton and habituation to the false alarm

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    In aquatic systems, physical and chemical alarm signals favor early detection of predators and promote the development of antipredation behaviors in prey. However, further studies are needed to understand how different antipredation behavior could be among different species coexisting in a natural assembly. In this study, we conducted an indoor experiment with a zooplankton assemblage from a natural subtropical system to experimentally analyze their evasion behavior when exposed to an enclosed visual predator. We aimed to assess whether such behavior was different depending on the species within the assemblage and if they habituate to the alarm signals released by the predator after a certain period of time without receiving any real attack. Ostracods, cladocerans and copepod nauplii evaded the predator, but differed in the magnitude of the response as well as in the response time. However, the evasion behavior was not maintained through time and most organisms returned to an even distribution as time passed, suggesting that zooplankters may habituate to alarm signals. Adult copepods and copepodites (here analyzed together) did not evade fish and showed an almost homogeneous distribution over time. Rotifers moved over time, independently of fish presence. Differential responses to the same alarm signals may contribute to determining the spatial distribution of zooplankton in natural aquatic ecosystems.Fil: Gutierrez, Marìa Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Andrade, Victoria Soledad. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias; ArgentinaFil: Fantón, Noelia Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Gagneten, Ana María. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias; Argentin

    Nanosilica size-dependent toxicity in Ceriodaphnia reticulata (Cladocera)

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    Silica nanoparticles (SiNP) are the most produced nanomaterials due to their variety of applications. When released to environments, surface water bodies are their main final sink. SiNP toxicity is still inconclusive and may vary according to particle properties such as their size. We analyzed the size-related effects of SiNP (22 and 244 nm) on mortality, life history traits, and oxidative stress in the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia reticulata. The smaller SiNP (LC5072 h: 105.5 µg/ml) were more lethal than the larger ones (LC5072 h >500 µg/ml). The 22 nm-sized SiNP decreased the number of molts and neonates, increased superoxide dismutase and inhibited glutathione S-transferase activities, while larger SiNP did not exert substantial effects on the organisms at the tested concentrations. In conclusion, SiNP toxicity depended on their size, and this information should be considered for regulatory purposes and to the development of safe-by-design nanoproducts to ultimately guarantee the environment protection.Fil: Andrade, Victoria Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Ale, Analía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Municoy, Sofia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco; ArgentinaFil: Bacchetta, Carla. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Desimone, Martín Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco; ArgentinaFil: Gutierrez, Marìa Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Cazenave, Jimena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentin

    The relative importance of salinization in lowland stream zooplankton: Implications of the ecosystem nutrient status

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    Salinization of aquatic systems is predicted to increase due to climate and land use changes. Nevertheless, community responses may be different according to the ecosystem characteristics and contextual scenarios. Small flowing waters are particularly vulnerable to salinization, which may impact on the biodiversity and ecosystem processes, but this remains unclear. We conducted a study in 42 lowland streams characterized by overall high nutrient levels along a salinity gradient between 2 and 160 g L−1 to analyze changes in zooplankton structural and functional metrics, and the grazing effects of zooplankton on phytoplankton affecting the energy transfer. Generalized additive models revealed that the analyzed metrics were relatively influenced by salinity, with factors related to trophic conditions playing an important role as well. Total abundance and biomass decreased along the salinity gradient while increasing at intermediate soluble reactive phosphorous concentrations (SRP) in the former and with a linear increase in the SRP in the latter case. Taxonomic richness decreased with salinity and dissolved inorganic nitrogen, with species replacement toward saline-tolerant ones according to the compositional and optimums analyses. In opposite, functional richness did not display any specific trend within the environmental gradients. This explains why zooplankton compositional changes were not reflected into shifts in the grazing pattern on phytoplankton, which was in turn driven by SRP and dissolved oxygen concentrations. Further research is a critical requirement in these poorly studied ecosystems for planning mitigation actions to the co-occurrence of eutrophication and salinization in a fast changing world.Fil: Gutierrez, Marìa Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Andrade, Victoria Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Flores Mendez, Daniel Nino. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Frau, Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Licursi, Magdalena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Negro, Carlos Leandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentin

    Synergy between glyphosate and cypermethrin formulations on zooplankton: evidences from a single-specie test and a community mesocosm experiment

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    Agrochemicals can reach freshwater bodies by drift, leaching, or runoff, where they constitute complex mixtures. Given that glyphosate and cypermethrin are within the most worldwide used pesticides, they are likely to co-occur in freshwater bodies. The aim of this study was to analyze the interaction between glyphosate and cypermethrin formulations on the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia (Richard 1894) through an acute toxicity test and on a zooplankton assemblage through a mesocosm (30 L) experiment. The 24-h LC50 of both isolated pesticides and their equitoxic mixture was obtained for C. dubia. The mesocosm was performed by exposing a zooplankton assemblage to both pesticides isolated and in combination. The acute toxicity of the equitoxic mixture in C. dubia was 3 and 4 times higher than the isolated toxicity of glyphosate and cypermethrin, respectively. The total toxic units of the mixture were 0.53, indicating a synergistic interaction. In the mesocosm experiment, both pesticides also interacted causing a synergistic negative effect in Cladocera and Copepoda abundances. No interactions between pesticides were found for Rotifera; therefore, the mixture effect was considered additive. It is suggested to continue analyzing pesticide mixture effects on the basis of complementary scales of analysis to reach more environmentally relevant information.Fil: Andrade, Victoria Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias. Laboratorio de Ecotoxicologia; ArgentinaFil: Gutierrez, María Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Reno, Ulises. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias. Laboratorio de Ecotoxicologia; ArgentinaFil: Popielarz, Andrea Silvina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; ArgentinaFil: Gervasio, Susana Graciela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; ArgentinaFil: Gagneten, Ana María. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias. Laboratorio de Ecotoxicologia; Argentin
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