DINÁMICA DEL USO DEL SUELO Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA CALIDAD DE VIDA DE LOS HABITANTES DE LA ISLA DE CARATATEUA, BELÉM, PARÁ

RESUMO: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a dinâmica do uso do solo, entre os anos de 1984 e 2015, por meio do processamento digital de imagens, e aplicação de questionários para avaliar a relação do uso do solo com a qualidade de vida dos moradores da ilha de Caratateua, Belém, Pará. Foram utilizadas imagens do satélite LANDSAT-5, bandas 3, 4 e 5, dos anos 1984, 1999, 2008 e 2015, as quais foram submetidas à classificação supervisionada por máxima verossimilhança. Posteriormente, obteve-se mapas com classes de uso do solo, sendo mais expressivas a Vegetação Densa, Capoeira (Floresta Secundária), Solo Exposto e Área Urbana. Foram aplicados 50 questionários com a pergunta: Quais os principais problemas que interferem na qualidade de vida da população da ilha de Caratateua? O período entre os anos de 1984 a 1989 foi o de maior crescimento urbano na ilha. A falha na gestão ambiental e urbanística, associados ao processo de crescimento desordenado, que, aliado a outros fatores, resultou no aumento desordenado de áreas urbanas e vem gerando impactos sociais, em especial com o aumento da violência e da carência de saneamento básico, e ambientais, por meio do uso indiscriminado dos recursos naturais e do solo.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Monitoramento ambiental, Processamento de imagens digitais,  Sensoriamento remoto.ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of soil use between 1984 and 2015 through digital image processing and questionnaires to evaluate the relationship between soil use and the quality of life of the (LANDSAT-5), bands 3, 4 and 5, from 1984, 1999, 2008 and 2015, which were submitted to supervised classification by maximum likelihood. Subsequently, maps with classes of land use were obtained, being more expressive the Dense Vegetation, Capoeira (Secondary Forest), Exposed Ground and Urban Area. Fifty questionnaires were applied with the question: What are the main problems that interfere in the quality of life of the population of the island of Caratateua? The period between the years 1984 to 1989 was the one of greater urban growth in the island. The lack of environmental and urban management associated with the disorderly growth process, which, combined with other factors, has resulted in the disorderly increase of urban areas and has generated social impacts, especially with increasing violence and lack of basic sanitation, and through the indiscriminate use of natural resources and soil.KEYWORDS: Environmental monitoring, Processing of digital images, Remote sensing. RESUMEN: El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la dinámica del uso del suelo, entre los años 1984 y 2015, por medio del procesamiento digital de imágenes, y aplicación de cuestionarios para evaluar la relación del uso del suelo con la calidad de vida de los habitantes de los años 1984, 1999, 2008 y 2015, las cuales fueron sometidas a la clasificación supervisada por máxima verosimilitud. Posteriormente, se obtuvieron mapas con clases de uso del suelo, siendo más expresivas la Vegetación Densa, Capoeira (Bosque Secundaria), Solo Exposto y Área Urbana. Se aplicaron 50 cuestionarios con la pregunta: ¿Cuáles son los principales problemas que interfieren en la calidad de vida de la población de la isla de Caratateua? El período entre los años 1984 a 1989 fue el de mayor crecimiento urbano en la isla. La falla en la gestión ambiental y urbanística, asociados al proceso de crecimiento desordenado, que, aliado a otros factores, resultó en el aumento desordenado de áreas urbanas y viene generando impactos sociales, en especial con el aumento de la violencia y la carencia de saneamiento básico, y ambientales, a través del uso indiscriminado de los recursos naturales y del suelo.PALABRAS CLAVE: Detección remota, Monitoreo ambiental, Procesamiento de imágenes digitales

Giants of the Amazon:How does environmental variation drive the diversity patterns of large trees?

For more than three decades, major efforts in sampling and analyzing tree diversity in South America have focused almost exclusively on trees with stems of at least 10 and 2.5 cm diameter, showing highest species diversity in the wetter western and northern Amazon forests. By contrast, little attention has been paid to patterns and drivers of diversity in the largest canopy and emergent trees, which is surprising given these have dominant ecological functions. Here, we use a machine learning approach to quantify the importance of environmental factors and apply it to generate spatial predictions of the species diversity of all trees (dbh ≥ 10 cm) and for very large trees (dbh ≥ 70 cm) using data from 243 forest plots (108,450 trees and 2832 species) distributed across different forest types and biogeographic regions of the Brazilian Amazon. The diversity of large trees and of all trees was significantly associated with three environmental factors, but in contrasting ways across regions and forest types. Environmental variables associated with disturbances, for example, the lightning flash rate and wind speed, as well as the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation, tend to govern the diversity of large trees. Upland rainforests in the Guiana Shield and Roraima regions had a high diversity of large trees. By contrast, variables associated with resources tend to govern tree diversity in general. Places such as the province of Imeri and the northern portion of the province of Madeira stand out for their high diversity of species in general. Climatic and topographic stability and functional adaptation mechanisms promote ideal conditions for species diversity. Finally, we mapped general patterns of tree species diversity in the Brazilian Amazon, which differ substantially depending on size class