Extant populations of the Southern Darwin’s frog (<i>Rhinoderma darwinii</i>) in south Chile and Argentina.

<p>Red circles, studied populations; blue circles, species identified, but population status uncertain; black triangles and yellow areas, recent volcanic eruptions and their areas of direct influence.</p

Estimated population sizes, calculated using Huggins closed population models and densities of five populations of the Southern Darwin’s frog (<i>Rhinoderma darwinii</i>).

a<p>Number of counts.</p>b<p>Model selected (Model: letter codes indicate detection probability dependence: t = time; b = behaviour; and h = heterogeneity).</p>c<p>Detection probability. Recapture probability at Inio 1 showed a pattern of initially low values for the early capture occasions, higher values during the middle of the period, then low values, similar to those at the start. A simpler model with only two time periods (t₁: early/late and t₂: mid) was therefore preferred to a fully time varying model. h1 and h2 refer to recapture probabilities for heterogeneity mixtures, and p1 to the estimated proportion of the population in mixture 1.</p

Relative abundance of the Southern Darwin’s frog (<i>Rhinoderma darwinii</i>).

<p>Frogs/standard search of 1 hour in each of 36 extant populations surveyed.</p

Individual ventral pattern in Darwin’s frog.

<p>Recaptured Southern Darwin’s frog (<i>Rhinoderma darwinii</i>). A) 25 November 2009, and B) 8 January 2011.</p

Uribe-Rivera et al 2017 DataSet: High resolution bioclimatic layers for southwest of South America for three recent past periods (1970, 1990 and 2010)

<p>These files were generated as part of the article "Dispersal and extrapolation on the accuracy of temporal predictions from distribution models for the Darwin’s frog" (Uribe-Rivera et al. 2017; accepted in Ecological Applications)</p> <p>We used point data of meteorological stations between 34°-48°S and 70°-75°W, to generate new climatic surfaces for three recent past periods (1970; 1990; 2010). Meteorological data encompassed 293 weather stations, and were extracted from three databases: Dirección Meteorológica de Chile (DMC); Dirección General de Aguas de Chile (DGA); and the FAOClim-NET Agroclimatic database management system (FAO 2001), recording monthly records of mean daily minimum temperature, mean daily maximum temperature and total rainfall for 5-year periods (1965-1969 for 1970 climatic conditions; 1985-1989 for 1990 climatic conditions; and 2005-2009 for 2010 climatic conditions). For each period monthly mean values of each climatic variable were interpolated to generate surfaces using Anusplin v.4.4 (Hutchinson and Xu 2006), which applies the same algorithm used to derive the WorldClim bioclimatic surfaces (Hijmans et al. 2005). Interpolations were fitted following Pliscoff et al. (2014) at a ~1x1 Km resolution, with elevation as an independent variable using the GTOPO30 global digital elevation model (USGS, 1996). Because some weather stations do not have information for every month, we used the option of non-data of Anusplin. The quality of interpolations of climatic data was assessed calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient at the cell level between the monthly climatic values from the CRU-TS v3.10.01 Historic Climate Database for GIS (Climatic Research Unit - Time Series, 2012), and the monthly climatic values from the new climatic layers. Finally, surfaces of 19 bioclimatic variables were generated using the dismo package in R (Hijmans et al. 2014).</p> <p>All bioclimatic layers were uploaded in a single compressed ZIP file. Individual layers can be found inside it as georeferenced ASCII raster files, and nominated primarily by time period, and secundarily by the number of bioclimatic layer, following the worldclim nomenclature (http://www.worldclim.org/bioclim).</p

Historical distribution range map for Darwin’s frogs.

<p>Blue, Northern Darwin’s frog (<i>Rhinoderma rufum</i>); red, Southern Darwin’s frog (<i>Rhinoderma darwinii</i>); yellow, area of sympatry.</p

<i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> (<i>Bd</i>) infection in 19 amphibian species at 26 sites with historical and current presence of Darwin’s frogs (<i>Rhinoderma</i> spp.), sampled during the period 2008−2012 in central and south Chile and south-western Argentina.

<p>Genomic equivalents (GE) detected using a <i>Bd</i>-specific quantitative real-time PCR Taqman assay are expressed in means and ranges.</p

<i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> infection in 14 extant populations of the southern Darwin’s frog (<i>Rhinoderma darwinii</i>) sampled during the period 2009−2012 in south Chile.

<p><i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> infection in 14 extant populations of the southern Darwin’s frog (<i>Rhinoderma darwinii</i>) sampled during the period 2009−2012 in south Chile.</p

Details of <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> positive Southern Darwin’s frogs (<i>Rhinoderma darwinii</i>) sampled during the period 2008−2012 in south Chile with number of genomic equivalents (GE) detected using a <i>Bd</i>-specific quantitative real-time PCR Taqman assay.

a<p>Standard deviation.</p

<i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> infection prevalence at sites with extant or recently extinct <i>Rhinoderma</i> spp.

<p>Map of central-south Chile and Argentina showing sites from which <i>Rhinoderma</i> spp. and sympatric anurans were sampled for <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> (<i>Bd</i>) detection between 2008 and 2012. Sample size is represented by the size of the circles, with <i>Bd</i> prevalence shown in the red segments. Inset: Graph showing the relationship between latitude and prevalence of <i>Bd</i> infection by site (<i>R</i>² = 0.405, P<0.001). Squares: sites with recent extinction or population decline of <i>Rhinoderma</i> spp. Triangles: sites with extant populations and no evidence of population decline of <i>R. darwinii</i>.</p