Tracking of body adiposity indicators from childhood to adolescence: Mediation by BMI

<div><p>Our aim was to verify the tracking of body adiposity indicators from childhood to adolescence and analyze the mediation effects of BMI on the stability of body adiposity. Our sample was composed by 375 children (197 boys). The children were followed-up over 3 years. Body mass and stature were measured as anthropometric indicators. Body adiposity was estimated through the subcutaneous skinfold method, with measures of triceps (TRSF) and subscapular skinfolds (SSSF). Skinfolds were analyzed singly and agglutinated through the sum of skinfolds (∑SF). The sample was categorized into tertiles, and thereafter, the kappa coefficient and McNemar test were adopted to verify stability. For continuous measures, the Intra-Class Correlation coefficient (ICC) was used. Moreover, mediation analyzes were used according to Baron and Kenny with the Sobel test to verify mediation effects. The significance level adopted was 5%. Adiposity indicators increased during the 3 years of follow-up in both sexes (p<0.05). ICCs in all indicators of adiposity were between 0.84 and 0.94 for boys and 0.86 and 0.94 for girls, indicating high tracking. Moreover, 70% of subjects remained in the highest tertile of body adiposity. However, no differences were observed in tertile changes (p>0.05). BMI at the age of adiposity rebound partially mediated all indicators of adiposity from childhood (baseline) to adolescence (3 years later) in both sexes (p<0.001). Thus, moderate to high tracking of body adiposity indicators between childhood and adolescence was verified. Moreover, BMI at the age of adiposity rebound partially mediated the relationship between adiposity in childhood (baseline) and in adolescence (3 years of follow-up).</p></div

Additional file 1 of Are more physical education classes related to less time in leisure-time sedentary behavior? An analysis including adolescents from 73 countries

Additional file 1: Supplementary table 1. Characteristics of the sample by country (n = 283,233). Note. PE, Physical Education classes. LST, Leisure sitting time. Values expressed in prevalence (95% confidence interval). Supplementary table 2. Prevalence (%) of ≥3h/d of leisure sitting time according the number of weekly PE by country. Note. PE, Physical Education. Values expressed in prevalence (95% confidence interval).Supplementary table 3. Association between the number weekly PE classes and leisure sitting time (≥3 h/d) by country.Note. REF, Reference group. PE, Physical Education. Values expressed in prevalence ratio and 95% confidence interval. Adjusted for age, sex and food insecurity. Supplementary table 4. Association between the number of PE classes and leisure sitting time (≥5 h/d) according by region and income. Note. REF, Reference group. Values expressed in prevalence ratio and 95% confidence interval. Adjusted for age, sex and food insecurity

<i>Tracking</i> (%) of subjects that maintained in the same tertile or changed to a lower tertile (LT) or higher tertile (HT) of body adiposity indicators according to sex.

<p><i>Tracking</i> (%) of subjects that maintained in the same tertile or changed to a lower tertile (LT) or higher tertile (HT) of body adiposity indicators according to sex.</p

Proportion of subjects that maintained or changed their tertiles of body adiposity during 3 years of follow-up.

<p>Note: TRSF, triceps skinfold; SSSF, subscapular skinfold; ∑SF, sum of skinfolds (TRSF + SSSF). * P < 0.001.</p

Mediation models by BMI at the age of adiposity rebound of the relationship between adiposity in childhood (baseline) and adiposity in adolescence (3 years follow-up) adjusted by chronological age and sex.

<p>Note. BMI, body mass index; TRSF, triceps skinfold; SSSF, subscapular skinfold; SF, skinfolds (TRSF + SSSF) *p < 0.05; **p ≤ 0.001.</p

Characteristics of the sample, presented as means and standard deviation, with comparisons between baseline and after 3 years of follow-up.

<p>Characteristics of the sample, presented as means and standard deviation, with comparisons between baseline and after 3 years of follow-up.</p

Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and confidence intervals (CI 95%) of body adiposity indicators between baseline and after 3 years of follow-up according to sex.

<p>Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and confidence intervals (CI 95%) of body adiposity indicators between baseline and after 3 years of follow-up according to sex.</p

Sampling flowchart.

Background and objectiveTo compare high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels according to smoking status and physical activity (PA) changes in adults.MethodsThe sample consisted of 6028 participants (4833 men) who underwent a voluntary routine health evaluation at the Preventive Medicine Center at the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil, from January 2007 to December 2013. Data were collected at baseline and follow-up (2.7±1.6 years). Plasma hsCRP (in mg/L) was analyzed in both moments. Smoking status was obtained through a self-reported questionnaire, being participants classified as non-smokers, once smokers (report smoking at baseline or follow-up), and persistently smokers (reported smoking at both baseline and follow-up). PA was assessed by questionnaire in both moments, being participants classified as persistently inactive, became inactive, became active, and persistently active. The Rank Analysis of Covariance was used to compare hsCRP follow-up values according to smoking and physical activity status.ResultsPersistently smokers showed significantly higher median values of hsCRP at follow-up (1.3 mg/L, IQR:0.6–2.8) than once smokers (1.1 mg/L, IQR: 0.6–2.4) and non-smokers (1.0 mg/L, IQR: 0.5–2.2), even considering covariates (pConclusionPersistently active participants had lower hsCRP values at follow-up than those persistently inactive in all the smoking status groups. Regular practice of PA is an important strategy for facing low-grade inflammation, even among smokers.</div

Median and interquartile range values of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein at follow-up according to smoking status and changes in physical activity (n = 6028).

Rank Analysis of Covariance adjusted by sex, age, time of follow-up, changes in waist circumference, hypertension, plasma triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, glucose, and lipid lowering medications; a = Persistently inactive; b = Became inactive; c = Became active; d = Persistently active.</p

Additional file 1 of Resistance training presents beneficial effects on bone development of adolescents engaged in swimming but not in impact sports: ABCD Growth Study

Supplementary Material