Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Finding big shots: small-area mapping and spatial modelling of obesity among Swiss male conscripts

Distribution of postcode level estimated odds ratios (ORs) of obesity from unadjusted (top panel) and adjusted (bottom panel) models with various use of random effects. (PDF 18 kb

Effects of health risk assessment and counselling on physical activity in older people: A pragmatic randomised trial

<div><p>Background</p><p>Interventions to increase physical activity (PA) among older community-dwelling adults may be enhanced by using multidimensional health risk assessment (HRA) as a basis for PA counselling.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The study was conducted among nondisabled but mostly frail persons 65 years of age and older at an ambulatory geriatric clinic in Bucharest, Romania. From May to July 2014, 200 participants were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups. Intervention group participants completed an initial HRA questionnaire and then had monthly counselling sessions with a geriatrician over a period of six months that were aimed at increasing low or maintaining higher PA. Counselling also addressed the older persons’ concomitant health risks and problems. The primary outcome was PA at six months (November 2014 to February 2015) evaluated with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire.</p><p>Results</p><p>At baseline, PA levels were similar in intervention and control groups (median 1089.0, and 1053.0 MET [metabolic equivalent of task] minutes per week, interquartile ranges 606.0–1401.7, and 544.5–1512.7 MET minutes per week, respectively). Persons in the intervention group had an average of 11.2 concomitant health problems and risks (e.g., pain, depressive mood, hypertension). At six months, PA increased in the intervention group by a median of 180.0 MET minutes per week (95% confidence interval (CI) 43.4–316.6, p = 0.01) to 1248.8 MET minutes per week. In the control group, PA decreased by a median of 346.5 MET minutes per week (95% CI 178.4–514.6, p<0.001) to 693.0 MET minutes per week due to a seasonal effect, resulting in a difference of 420.0 MET minutes per week (95% CI 212.7–627.3, p< 0.001) between groups.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The use of HRA to inform individualized PA counselling is a promising method for achieving improvements in PA, and ultimately health and longevity among large groups of community-dwelling older persons.</p><p>Trial registration</p><p>International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number: <a target="_blank">ISRCTN11166046</a></p></div

Study group characteristics at baseline.

<p>Study group characteristics at baseline.</p

Physical activity (MET minutes per week) in various subgroups at follow-up.

<p>Physical activity (MET minutes per week) in various subgroups at follow-up.</p

Study CONSORT flow diagram.

<p>Study CONSORT flow diagram.</p

Self-reported reasons for not increasing physical activity among the subgroup of participants with no intention to increase physical activity at baseline.

<p>Self-reported reasons for not increasing physical activity among the subgroup of participants with no intention to increase physical activity at baseline.</p

Prevalence of concomitant health-related risk factors in the elderly persons allocated to the intervention group (N = 100)^a.

<p>Prevalence of concomitant health-related risk factors in the elderly persons allocated to the intervention group (N = 100)<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0181371#t003fn001" target="_blank">^a</a>.</p

Outcomes for PA at six-month follow-up.

<p>Outcomes for PA at six-month follow-up.</p

Probability of survival.

<p>The primary outcome at 8-y follow-up was all-cause mortality. Based on Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival.</p

PRO-AGE Solothurn CONSORT diagram.

<p>The randomisation ratio (intervention to control group) was 1:1 in the first project phase (November 16, 2000, to March 27, 2001), and 1:2 in the second project phase (March 28, 2001, to January 8, 2002), resulting in a ratio overall of 1:1.6.</p