Practice-Related Activations

<p>(A) Brain activity during exploration of the virtual environment (Session IV). Cross hair shows hippocampus activation (22 −26 −6 mm, <i>p</i>^corr < 0.005) superimposed on participants' average anatomical T1-weighted MRI image. Color bars indicate magnitude of effect size. (B) Brain activity during practice of the procedural serial RT task (Session IV). Cross hair shows cerebellum activation (12 −74 −22 mm, <i>p</i>^corr < 0.05). </p

Experimental Design

<p>All participants underwent four fMRI scanning sessions (I–IV) within a half-day. In scanning session (I), they performed an auditory oddball task during which they mentally counted the number of deviant tones interspersed in a flow of repeated tones. Participants were then trained during 30 min outside of the scanner (training), either to the spatial memory navigation task (red path), or to the procedural memory SRT task (blue path). Immediately after the end of the training session, they were scanned again (II) while performing the auditory oddball task. They were then allowed a further 30-min break outside of the scanner without any further practice (rest). They were scanned once again (III) while performing the auditory oddball task. Afterwards, participants' memory of the learned task was tested outside of the scanner (retest). Finally, participants underwent a fourth fMRI session (IV), during which they explored virtual environments (red path) or practiced motor sequences in the SRT task (blue path), to determine the set of brain areas associated with task practice. The procedure was repeated 2 wk later using the other learning task.</p

Proteomic changes in rat hippocampus and adrenals following short-term sleep deprivation-2

band volume ratio from western blot analysis was -1.28 (n = 3). Average ratio from 2D-DIGE analysis of the spot containing alpha-SNAP was -1.37 (n = 9); average band volume ratio from western blot analysis was -1.15 (n = 3). For all western blots, the variations in sample loading revealed by the actin signal is taken into account for the calculation of the average band volume ratio.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Proteomic changes in rat hippocampus and adrenals following short-term sleep deprivation"</p><p>http://www.proteomesci.com/content/6/1/14</p><p>Proteome Science 2008;6():14-14.</p><p>Published online 22 May 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2453108.</p><p></p

Post-Training Modulation of Neuronal Activity and Behavioral Performance

<div><p>(A) Activations are superimposed on one participant's T1-weighted normalized MRI image. Left side: Plots of the correlation between changes in spatial performance (distance left to target in learning minus test sessions) and brain response during intervening oddball Session II (versus I; [B]) in the hippocampus ([24 −24 −2 mm], Z = 3.75, <i>p</i>^svc(10mm) < 0.05) around an a priori location [26 −24 −8 mm]). Each point represents one participant. Part C shows the non-significant correlation ( <i>p</i> > 0.8) at the same location during Session III (versus II). Right side: Plots of the correlation between individual levels of sequence knowledge (RT for novel minus learned sequence) at the end of the Learning phase and brain response during (B) Session II (versus I), showing the non-significant correlation in the left caudate nucleus, and (C) intervening oddball Session III (versus II[C]) in the same location ([−12 −2 20 mm], Z = 4.48, <i>p</i>^svc < 0.005). </p> <p> <i>r</i> = correlation coefficient. </p></div

Proteomic changes in rat hippocampus and adrenals following short-term sleep deprivation-4

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Proteomic changes in rat hippocampus and adrenals following short-term sleep deprivation"</p><p>http://www.proteomesci.com/content/6/1/14</p><p>Proteome Science 2008;6():14-14.</p><p>Published online 22 May 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2453108.</p><p></p

Task-Specific Modulation of Regional Brain Responses by Prior Learning

<p>Spatial learning-related offline activity: (A) Higher brain responses after spatial than after procedural learning in Session II (versus I). Blue cross hair on hippocampus (26 −24 −8 mm) activation superimposed on participants' average anatomical T1-weighted MRI image. (B) Higher brain responses in the parahippocampal gyrus (26 −32 −18 mm) after a further 30-min break during Session III (versus II). (C) Co-occurring decreased brain responses in the hippocampus (22 −22 −10 mm, blue cross hair) during Session III (versus II), more after spatial than after procedural learning. Procedural learning-related offline activity: (D) Higher brain response in the medial cerebellum (2 −60 −28 mm) after procedural than after spatial learning in Session II (versus I). (E) Co-occurring decreased brain responses in the putamen (−20 2 10 mm, blue cross hair), lateral cerebellum, SMA, and other neocortical areas during Session II (versus I), more after procedural than after spatial learning. (F) Higher brain response after a further 30-min break during Session III (versus II) in the caudate nucleus (top: −16 0 16 mm) and the SMA (bottom: 10 2 56 mm). Color bars indicate the magnitude of the effect size, in the yellow range for increased post-training brain response, and in the blue range for decreased post-training brain response.</p

Proteomic changes in rat hippocampus and adrenals following short-term sleep deprivation-3

Ase was -1.49 (n = 9); average band volume ratio from western blot analysis is -1.47 (n = 3). Variations in sample loading revealed by the actin signal is taken into account for the calculation of the average band volume ratio.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Proteomic changes in rat hippocampus and adrenals following short-term sleep deprivation"</p><p>http://www.proteomesci.com/content/6/1/14</p><p>Proteome Science 2008;6():14-14.</p><p>Published online 22 May 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2453108.</p><p></p

Proteomic changes in rat hippocampus and adrenals following short-term sleep deprivation-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Proteomic changes in rat hippocampus and adrenals following short-term sleep deprivation"</p><p>http://www.proteomesci.com/content/6/1/14</p><p>Proteome Science 2008;6():14-14.</p><p>Published online 22 May 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2453108.</p><p></p

fMRI results for the encoding phase.

<p>(<b>A</b>). Cerebral areas associated to selection processes. Left: right middle frontal gyrus (larger brain responses for TBF_F than TBR_F information); Right: right posterior parietal (larger brain responses for TBF_F than TBR_F information) (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0029905#pone-0029905-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>). (<b>B</b>). Cerebral areas associated to encoding of TBR information (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0029905#pone-0029905-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>). Left: larger brain response for TBR-R than TBR-F items in right entorhinal cortex. Right: larger brain response for TBR-R than TBF-R information in the anterior medial frontal gyrus. Functional statistical results (p<i>_uncorrected</i><0.001) are overlaid to a canonical structural image. Activity estimates (arbitrary units) are displayed for the different conditions. <i>TBR-R</i>: items associated to a TBR instruction and subsequently recognised; <i>TBR-F</i>: items associated to a TBR instruction and subsequently forgotten; <i>TBF-R</i>: items associated to a TBF instruction and subsequently recognised; <i>TBF-F</i>: items associated to a TBF instruction and subsequently forgotten; New_CR: correct rejection of new items.</p

Cerebral areas associated to retrieval of TBF information (<b>Table 4</b>).

<p>Larger brain responses for TBF-R than TBF-F information in the left thalamus (left), right posterior intraparietal sulcus (middle) and left anterior cingulate (right). Functional statistical results (p<i>_uncorrected</i><0.001) are overlaid to a canonical structural image. Activity estimates (arbitrary units) are displayed for the different conditions. <i>TBR-R</i>: items associated to a TBR instruction and subsequently recognised; <i>TBR-F</i>: items associated to a TBR instruction and subsequently forgotten; <i>TBF-R</i>: items associated to a TBF instruction and subsequently recognised; <i>TBF-F</i>: items associated to a TBF instruction and subsequently forgotten; <i>New_CR</i>: correct rejection of items not presented during the encoding session.</p