The classical solutions with k−=0k_-=0 in Kaku theory

We consider Kaku theory as introduced in M. Kaku, Phys. Lett. B 200, 22 (1988) and investigate classical solutions. In particular, we obtain that the equation of motion with the restriction $k_-=0$ in the Kaku theory is equivalent to the equation of motion in Witten theory. Because of this property, some solutions including the tachyon vacuum solution in the Witten theory satisfy also the equation of motion in the Kaku theory. In addition, we confirm that the cohomology around the tachyon vacuum solution is trivial also in the Kaku theory.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures; minor revisions, published versio

Closed string amplitudes around tachyon vacuum solution in Kaku theory

We incorporate closed string field into Kaku's open string field theory which is defined by using Kaku vertex, and we construct open-closed string field theory. To do this, we define new consistent open-closed vertex and open-open-closed vertex with the Kaku vertex. Because these vertices depend on Chan-Paton parameter such as the Kaku vertex, the open-closed string field theory action that we construct depends on the Chan-Paton parameter such as the Kaku's theory action. However, we can show that an infinitesimal change of $l$ corresponds to a field redefinition. Furthermore, we compute closed string amplitudes around tachyon vacuum solution in this theory. As a result, we confirm that these are conventional pure closed string amplitudes on surfaces without boundaries.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figure

Exciton-Phonon Interaction in Optical Rotation

Article信州大学工学部紀要 57: 1-10 (1985)departmental bulletin pape

Borrowed Intensities for Optical Absorption and Optical Rotation in Helices

Article信州大学工学部紀要 72: 1-8 (1993)departmental bulletin pape

Electron-Electron Interaction in the Faraday Rotation

Article信州大学工学部紀要 73: 1-12 (1993)departmental bulletin pape

Energy from Ellwood invariant for solutions involving X0X^0 variables

For some classical solutions $\Psi_\mathrm{sol}$ in Witten's bosonic string field theory, it was proven that energy of the solution is proportional to the Ellwood invariant $\mathrm{Tr}(\mathcal{V}\Psi_\mathrm{sol})$ with $\mathcal{V}=c\bar{c}\partial X^0\bar{\partial}X^0$. We examine the relation for solutions involving $X^0$ variables. As a result, we obtain that the relation may not hold for such solutions. Namely, there is a possibility that the energy is not proportional to the Ellwood invariant.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figure

Optical Rotation by a Free Electron on an Oriented Helix

Article信州大学工学部紀要 63: 1-8 (1988)departmental bulletin pape

Genecology and ecophysiology of the maintenance of foliar phenotypic polymorphisms of Leptospermum recurvum (Myrtaceae) under oscillating atmospheric desiccation in the tropical-subalpine zone of Mount Kinabalu, Borneo

We investigated genecology and ecophysiological mechanisms of the polymorphism of leaf trichome density of Leptospermum recurvum Hook. f. (Myrtaceae) in the deglaciated summit zone above 3, 000 m a.s.l. of Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo. Various phenotypes with variable foliar trichome densities occurred sympatrically in the same population, and the composition of coexisting phenotypes varied substantially among populations. We conducted a common garden experiment by sowing seeds from multiple maternal trees of different leaf trichome densities. We found a significant relation between pubescence of maternal trees and offspring, which indicated that leaf trichome density had a genetic basis. Microsatellite analysis revealed that there was no barrier to gene flows among phenotypes or among populations, and very low neutral genetic differentiation among populations with high gene flows for both directions of phenotypes. The soils in the sites dominated by pubescent trees were significantly more desiccated than in the sites dominated by glabrous trees during a short drought. Glabrous trees had a significantly greater mortality rate than pubescent trees after an intensive El Niño drought (13.7 vs. 3.9%) in the same sites where both phenotypes occurred sympatrically. Pubescent individuals demonstrated a significantly greater photosynthetic water-use efficiency than glabrous individuals. El Niño droughts could cause large difference in soil moisture among sites and that a greater desiccation stress removed glabrous phenotypes as one end of divergent natural selection to form pubescent populations. These results implied that the process shaping the phenotypic polymorphisms involved strong gene flows combined with ongoing divergent selection

PROGRESS OF HABITUATION OF WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLAS AND THEIR REACTION TO OBSERVERS IN MOUKALABA-DOUDOU NATIONAL PARK, GABON

We have conducted habituation of western lowland gorillas since May 2003 during a long-term socio-ecological survey on primates in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park (Moukalaba N.P.) in Gabon. After a training program to increase the skills of trackers to search for gorillas in tropical forest, we identifi ed one group named ‘Group Gentil' (GG). Since October 2005, we have focused our efforts on habituating this group and carrying out all-day follows that have resulted in the identifi cation of most adult and subadult individuals in GG. Here, we describe the habituation process of GG and the major problems we faced in habituation. First, we had to employ inexperienced trackers and modify our methods according to the gorillas' responses. Subsequently we continued to employ the same trackers and formed two teams consisting of researchers and trackers to search for gorillas on a daily basis. The skills of our trackers in performing constant and reliable follows of GG have gradually increased. Furthermore, our persistent follows seemed to have a less disruptive effect on their ranging patterns. Once all-day follows were achieved, GG came to tolerate our presence. Juveniles approached us with curiosity when the silverback male remained nearby. Males were habituated more quickly than females, as observed in other habitats. However, distinct differences were found in the responses to human observers between the silverbacks and females. Unlike mountain gorillas and eastern lowland gorillas, female western gorillas at Moukalaba showed aggressive responses to our approaches and occasionally attacked us with threatening vocalizations. Such female aggressiveness resembled that observed at Mondika in the process of habituation. However, while the silverback male usually ignored female aggression at Mondika, the silverback frequently rushed onto aggressive females to stop them at Moukalaba. Based on these similarities and differences in the habituation process at Moukalaba, we propose recommendations for achieving successful habituation

Exploring Optimal Granularity for Extractive Summarization of Unstructured Health Records: Analysis of the Largest Multi-Institutional Archive of Health Records in Japan

Automated summarization of clinical texts can reduce the burden of medical professionals. "Discharge summaries" are one promising application of the summarization, because they can be generated from daily inpatient records. Our preliminary experiment suggests that 20-31% of the descriptions in discharge summaries overlap with the content of the inpatient records. However, it remains unclear how the summaries should be generated from the unstructured source. To decompose the physician's summarization process, this study aimed to identify the optimal granularity in summarization. We first defined three types of summarization units with different granularities to compare the performance of the discharge summary generation: whole sentences, clinical segments, and clauses. We defined clinical segments in this study, aiming to express the smallest medically meaningful concepts. To obtain the clinical segments, it was necessary to automatically split the texts in the first stage of the pipeline. Accordingly, we compared rule-based methods and a machine learning method, and the latter outperformed the formers with an F1 score of 0.846 in the splitting task. Next, we experimentally measured the accuracy of extractive summarization using the three types of units, based on the ROUGE-1 metric, on a multi-institutional national archive of health records in Japan. The measured accuracies of extractive summarization using whole sentences, clinical segments, and clauses were 31.91, 36.15, and 25.18, respectively. We found that the clinical segments yielded higher accuracy than sentences and clauses. This result indicates that summarization of inpatient records demands finer granularity than sentence-oriented processing. Although we used only Japanese health records, it can be interpreted as follows: physicians extract "concepts of medical significance" from patient records and recombine them ..