Financial Analysis of Beekeeping Practices at Acacia crassicarpa Plantation Forest in Riau Province, Indonesia

One environmental service provided by A. crassicarpa plantation is extrafloral nectar which has been widely used for beekeeping since 2019. Nevertheless, nowadays between apiaries practiced unfair competition since there were price fall led by oversupply and low demand after covid pandemic ended. Thus, evaluating the cost structure, profitability, and its feasibility value are critically required.  The study's objectives were to 1) evaluate cost structure, revenue and profitability and 2) to conduct a feasibility analysis of each apiary type. This study was conducted from in 2019 to 2022 at the Siak Regency, Riau, Indonesia. Structure interviews combined with desk studies were carried out to collect the data. Data were analyzed based on cost structure, revenue, profitability, and feasibility analysis. All types of apiaries were feasible since they could cover variable and fixed costs. However, it revealed that all types of apiaries experienced minus in profitability in the fourth of financial year. In general, variable cost relatively increased to the level of 50% of total cost in the fourth year. In contrast, fixed cost was relatively declined to less than 50%. Apiaries managed two rits had a better performance in cost structure to face the competitive market followed by apiaries managed three rit. Meanwhile, apiaries managed rit one experienced such a difficult challenge to survive

The early benefits of agroforestry as the solution of social conflict and peat land degradation in Kampar - Riau, Indonesia

Agroforestry has been mentioned has good potency to be selected as one of the tools to overcome the problem of degraded tropical peat swamp forest (TPSF) which was associated with social conflict. Here, we evaluated the early benefits of agroforestry for some aspects which has relationship with the attempt to overcome social conflict and peatland degradation*. We established the experimental plot of agroforestry in the conflict area at forest area with special purpose (KHDTK) in Kepau Jaya Village, Kampar District, Riau Province. We planted three native tree species of TPSF, namely were Balangeran (Shorea balangeran), Geronggang (Cratoxylum arborescens) and Gelam (Melaleuca cajuputi subsp. cumingiana. In this plot, between rows of tree plantation the local farmer cultivated their crop. At 11 months after plantation; the ranges of survival rate, height and collar diameter increment of all tree native species were 56.2% - 72.44%, 97.4 m/year – 163.0 m/year and 2.04 cm/year – 3.2 cm/year, respectively. Furthermore, from the yields of the three types of seasonal crops (melon, chilli and luffa), the average income which was gathered by farmers was of 6,000,000 IDR. We also observed that during this agroforestry activity, the intensity of forest disturbance by the local community around KHDTK was relatively reduced. It is important to manage and increase those diverse benefits in further years

A Chronicle of Indonesia’s Forest Management: A Long Step towards Environmental Sustainability and Community Welfare

Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world, with 17,000 islands of varying sizes and elevations, from lowlands to very high mountains, stretching more than 5000 km eastward from Sabang in Aceh to Merauke in Papua. Although occupying only 1.3% of the world’s land area, Indonesia possesses the third-largest rainforest and the second-highest level of biodiversity, with very high species diversity and endemism. However, during the last two decades, Indonesia has been known as a country with a high level of deforestation, a producer of smoke from burning forests and land, and a producer of carbon emissions. The aim of this paper is to review the environmental history and the long process of Indonesian forest management towards achieving environmental sustainability and community welfare. To do this, we analyze the milestones of Indonesian forest management history, present and future challenges, and provide strategic recommendations toward a viable Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) system. Our review showed that the history of forestry management in Indonesia has evolved through a long process, especially related to contestation over the control of natural resources and supporting policies and regulations. During the process, many efforts have been applied to reduce the deforestation rate, such as a moratorium on permitting primary natural forest and peat land, land rehabilitation and soil conservation, environmental protection, and other significant regulations. Therefore, these efforts should be maintained and improved continuously in the future due to their significant positive impacts on a variety of forest areas toward the achievement of viable SFM. Finally, we conclude that the Indonesian government has struggled to formulate sustainable forest management policies that balance economic, ecological, and social needs, among others, through developing and implementing social forestry instruments, developing and implementing human resource capacity, increasing community literacy, strengthening forest governance by eliminating ambiguity and overlapping regulations, simplification of bureaucracy, revitalization of traditional wisdom, and fair law enforcement