The Shape of the Income Distribution and Economic Growth: Evidence from Swedish Labor Market Regions

We analyze the association between inequality and growth across 72 labor market regions in Sweden 1990-2006. Highly accurate measures of growth and inequality (gini, Q3, p9075, p5010) are derived from population register data. The regional set-up also reduces problems with omitted variable bias and endogeneity found in cross country comparisons since the regions within a country share the same redistributive policies and institutions. The findings suggest that inequality between the 90th and 75th percentiles enhances regional growth. This result no longer holds when we take into account changes in commuting patterns. Although only suggestive, the finding is interesting in that it is consistent with the hypothesis that inequality enhances growth by stimulating commuting incentives.growth, income distribution, inequality, gini

Comparison of energy-wood and pulpwood thinning systems in young birch stands

In early thinnings, a profitable alternative to pulpwood could be to harvest whole trees as energy-wood. In theoretical analyses, we compared the extractible volumes of energy-wood and pulpwood, and their respective gross values in differently aged stands of early birch thinnings at varying intensities of removal. In a parallel field experiment, we compared the productivity at harvest of either pulpwood or energy-wood, and the profitability when the costs of harvesting and forwarding were included. The theoretical analyses showed that the proportion of the total tree biomass removed as pulpwood increased with increasing thinning intensity and stem size. The biomass volume was 1.5–1.7 times larger than the pulpwood volume for a 13.9 diameter at breast height stand and 2.0–3.5 times larger for a 10.4 diameter at breast height stand. In the field experiment, the harvested volume per hectare of energy-wood was almost twice as high as the harvest of pulpwood. The harvesting productivity (trees Productive harvesting Work Time-hour−1) was 205 in the energy-wood and 120 in the pulpwood treatment. The pulpwood treatment generated a net loss, whereas the energy-wood treatment generated a net income, the average difference being €595 ha−1. We conclude that in birch-dominated early thinning stands, at current market prices, harvesting energy-wood is more profitable than harvesting pulpwood

An Associative Memory Trace in the Cerebellar Cortex

Classical conditioning of motor responses, e.g., the eyeblink response, depends on the cerebellum. In the theoretical works of David Marr (1969) and James Albus (1971), it was proposed that Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex learn to associate the neutral conditioned stimulus with the response. Since their work, several studies have provided data that are consistent with this suggestion, but definitive evidence has been lacking. Information on how Purkinje cells change their activity during learning has been ambiguous and contradictory and there has been no information at all about how they behave during extinction and reacquisition. The electrical activity of single Purkinje cells was recorded with microelectrodes in decerebrate ferrets during learning, extinction, and relearning. We demonstrate that paired peripheral forelimb and periocular stimulation, as well as paired direct stimulation of cerebellar afferent pathways (mossy and climbing fibres) consistently causes a gradual acquisition of an inhibitory response in Purkinje cell simple spike firing. The response also displays gradual extinction to unpaired presentations of the stimuli, and reacquisition with substantial savings when paired stimulus presentation is reinstated. This conditioned Purkinje cell response thus has several properties that match known features of the conditioned eyeblink response across training trials. The temporal properties of the conditioned Purkinje cell response were also investigated. The response maximum was adaptively timed to precede the unconditioned stimulus. The latencies to response onset, maximum, and offset varied with the interstimulus interval used during training. Further training with changes in the interstimulus interval caused new learning of response latencies. Finally, short-term manipulations of the conditioned stimulus after training had effects on the Purkinje cell response that match effects on the conditioned eyeblink response. These data suggest that many of the behavioural phenomena in eyeblink conditioning can be explained at the level of the single Purkinje cell