Maximum likelihood estimation of cloud height from multi-angle satellite imagery

We develop a new estimation technique for recovering depth-of-field from multiple stereo images. Depth-of-field is estimated by determining the shift in image location resulting from different camera viewpoints. When this shift is not divisible by pixel width, the multiple stereo images can be combined to form a super-resolution image. By modeling this super-resolution image as a realization of a random field, one can view the recovery of depth as a likelihood estimation problem. We apply these modeling techniques to the recovery of cloud height from multiple viewing angles provided by the MISR instrument on the Terra Satellite. Our efforts are focused on a two layer cloud ensemble where both layers are relatively planar, the bottom layer is optically thick and textured, and the top layer is optically thin. Our results demonstrate that with relative ease, we get comparable estimates to the M2 stereo matcher which is the same algorithm used in the current MISR standard product (details can be found in [IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 40 (2002) 1547--1559]). Moreover, our techniques provide the possibility of modeling all of the MISR data in a unified way for cloud height estimation. Research is underway to extend this framework for fast, quality global estimates of cloud height.Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/09-AOAS243 the Annals of Applied Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aoas/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org

Evaluasi Sistem Informasi Penjualan PT SPNS

The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze problems that occur in information systems sales PT SPNS. It also serves to control the management and control of applications running well so it can produce accurate information for decision making. The method used is book study method and field study. Study was done by reading library books, scientific papers and other sources, while the field study was done by observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The result of the evaluation is derived from the respective strengths and weaknesses - each control. Weaknesses are found, the findings presented in the form of a matrix that contains the findings and recommendations as a matter of risk remedial action. Conclusions obtained from the audit for security control, operations, limitations, input and output is good enough because it can satisfy and support the sales activities of PT SPNS

Pengukuran Resiko Teknologi Informasi (Ti) dengan Metode Octave-s

Article presented a measurement of Information Technology (IT) risk levels and identify security practices whichwere suitable in the risk overcoming, as noted in PTNL. Company was also expected to be more alert to the risk impactsof information technology which might occur in PTNL. Analytical method used was OCTAVE-S method. This method wasused in a risk measurement of information technology risk, with some steps which had important roles in searching for themeasurement results effectively and efficiently, which were applied in PTNL. The results which will be achieved were to giveoverall results of risk measurement occurred at the company, either the plus or minus, and provide recommendations whichare expected to solve and correct the minus or problems which occurred in PTNL. Conclusion states that the risk measurementof information technology performed in PTNI has successfully minimized the risks that can threaten the company's security

Evaluasi Pengendalian Sistem Informasi Pengiriman pada TL

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the control systems on the TL shipping information, in order to discern weaknesses or problems in delivery of enterprise information systems control using CobIT approach. The research method used is the data collecting by observation, checklists, interviews, and literature study. The results achieved are findings and issue recommendations that provide an illustration about a control of the running information delivery systems. From the illustration it is known that on the company\u27s control of information delivery system, there are still many things that have not been up to standard. The conclusion obtained is that the control of information delivery systems that have been implemented meets only partially the standards set small, so it still needs much improvement

Manajemen Risiko Teknologi Informasi: Studi Kasus pada Perusahaan Jasa

The purpose of this study is to identify and quantify risks that may occur any time in the application of information technology in a company, as well as to provide information on the risks associated with the security of information technology system of the company. The methods used are: data collection and analysis techniques. Data collection includes: literature and field studies, in which the field study is conducted by interview and observation. Analytical technique used in the measurement of risk is OCTAVE-S. The results found the risks associated with security management, contingency planning, vulnerability management, as well as design and security architecture. It iscocluded from this this study that there are still a lot of risks that can threaten companies such as lack of contingency and disaster recovery plan

Optimal CMB Lensing Reconstruction and Parameter Estimation with SPTpol Data

We perform the first simultaneous Bayesian parameter inference and optimal reconstruction of the gravitational lensing of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), using 100 deg$^2$ of polarization observations from the SPTpol receiver on the South Pole Telescope. These data reach noise levels as low as 5.8 $\mu$K-arcmin in polarization, which are low enough that the typically used quadratic estimator (QE) technique for analyzing CMB lensing is significantly sub-optimal. Conversely, the Bayesian procedure extracts all lensing information from the data and is optimal at any noise level. We infer the amplitude of the gravitational lensing potential to be $A_\phi\,{=}\,0.949\,{\pm}\,0.122$ using the Bayesian pipeline, consistent with our QE pipeline result, but with 17\% smaller error bars. The Bayesian analysis also provides a simple way to account for systematic uncertainties, performing a similar job as frequentist "bias hardening," and reducing the systematic uncertainty on $A_\phi$ due to polarization calibration from almost half of the statistical error to effectively zero. Finally, we jointly constrain $A_\phi$ along with $A_{\rm L}$, the amplitude of lensing-like effects on the CMB power spectra, demonstrating that the Bayesian method can be used to easily infer parameters both from an optimal lensing reconstruction and from the delensed CMB, while exactly accounting for the correlation between the two. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the Bayesian approach on real data, and pave the way for future analysis of deep CMB polarization measurements with SPT-3G, Simons Observatory, and CMB-S4, where improvements relative to the QE can reach 1.5 times tighter constraints on $A_\phi$ and 7 times lower effective lensing reconstruction noise.Comment: 27 pages, 14 figures, accompanying software package available at https://cosmicmar.com/CMBLensing.j

A Measurement of Gravitational Lensing of the Cosmic Microwave Background Using SPT-3G 2018 Data

We present a measurement of gravitational lensing over 1500 deg$^2$ of the Southern sky using SPT-3G temperature data at 95 and 150 GHz taken in 2018. The lensing amplitude relative to a fiducial Planck 2018 $\Lambda$CDM cosmology is found to be $1.020\pm0.060$, excluding instrumental and astrophysical systematic uncertainties. We conduct extensive systematic and null tests to check the robustness of the lensing measurements, and report a minimum-variance combined lensing power spectrum over angular multipoles of $50<L<2000$, which we use to constrain cosmological models. When analyzed alone and jointly with primary cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectra within the $\Lambda$CDM model, our lensing amplitude measurements are consistent with measurements from SPT-SZ, SPTpol, ACT, and Planck. Incorporating loose priors on the baryon density and other parameters including uncertainties on a foreground bias template, we obtain a $1\sigma$ constraint on $\sigma_8 \Omega_{\rm m}^{0.25}=0.595 \pm 0.026$ using the SPT-3G 2018 lensing data alone, where $\sigma_8$ is a common measure of the amplitude of structure today and $\Omega_{\rm m}$ is the matter density parameter. Combining SPT-3G 2018 lensing measurements with baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) data, we derive parameter constraints of $\sigma_8 = 0.810 \pm 0.033$, $S_8 \equiv \sigma_8(\Omega_{\rm m}/0.3)^{0.5}= 0.836 \pm 0.039$, and Hubble constant $H_0 =68.8^{+1.3}_{-1.6}$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$. Using CMB anisotropy and lensing measurements from SPT-3G only, we provide independent constraints on the spatial curvature of $\Omega_{K} = 0.014^{+0.023}_{-0.026}$ (95% C.L.) and the dark energy density of $\Omega_\Lambda = 0.722^{+0.031}_{-0.026}$ (68% C.L.). When combining SPT-3G lensing data with SPT-3G CMB anisotropy and BAO data, we find an upper limit on the sum of the neutrino masses of $\sum m_{\nu}< 0.30$ eV (95% C.L.)

Constraints on Λ\LambdaCDM Extensions from the SPT-3G 2018 EEEE and TETE Power Spectra

We present constraints on extensions to the $\Lambda$CDM cosmological model from measurements of the $E$-mode polarization auto-power spectrum and the temperature-$E$-mode cross-power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) made using 2018 SPT-3G data. The extensions considered vary the primordial helium abundance, the effective number of relativistic degrees of freedom, the sum of neutrino masses, the relativistic energy density and mass of a sterile neutrino, and the mean spatial curvature. We do not find clear evidence for any of these extensions, from either the SPT-3G 2018 dataset alone or in combination with baryon acoustic oscillation and \textit{Planck} data. None of these model extensions significantly relax the tension between Hubble-constant, $H_0$, constraints from the CMB and from distance-ladder measurements using Cepheids and supernovae. The addition of the SPT-3G 2018 data to \textit{Planck} reduces the square-root of the determinants of the parameter covariance matrices by factors of $1.3 - 2.0$ across these models, signaling a substantial reduction in the allowed parameter volume. We also explore CMB-based constraints on $H_0$ from combined SPT, \textit{Planck}, and ACT DR4 datasets. While individual experiments see some indications of different $H_0$ values between the $TT$, $TE$, and $EE$ spectra, the combined $H_0$ constraints are consistent between the three spectra. For the full combined datasets, we report $H_0 = 67.49 \pm 0.53\,\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$, which is the tightest constraint on $H_0$ from CMB power spectra to date and in $4.1\,\sigma$ tension with the most precise distance-ladder-based measurement of $H_0$. The SPT-3G survey is planned to continue through at least 2023, with existing maps of combined 2019 and 2020 data already having $\sim3.5\times$ lower noise than the maps used in this analysis.Comment: Submitted to PRD; 19 pages, 7 figure