Prevalence and identification of oral candida species in patients with type 2 diabetes in Yogyakarta

Patients with diabetes are prone to recurring and even resistant Candidiasis, making treatment challenging. Many hypotheses proposed related to susceptibility of diabetic patients to Candida. The prevalence and species of Candida in a particular diabetic community might be different compared to other diabetic community. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Candida colony and its species in the oral cavity of diabetic patients included in the CDM (Chronic Disease Management) program in Yogyakarta. One hundred patients with type 2 diabetes (n= 100) were recruited as the subjects of this study. The subjects were classified into controlled and uncontrolled Diabetes mellitus (DM). Samples of oral rinse solution were collected to determine the species of Candida and number of Candida colonies using CHROMagar Candida medium. There were 47 and 53 of subjects with controlled and uncontrolled DM, respectively. The mean number of Candida colony in the subjects with controlled diabetes (1003.13) was higher than that in the subjects with uncontrolled diabetes (478.43). The Candida colony most commonly identified in the subjects with controlled and uncontrolled diabetes were C. albicans and C. glabrata, respectively. Female patients had higher mean number of Candida colony (859.51) compared to male (299.21). The Candida colony most often identified in both genders was C. albicans. In addition, the subjects of this study consisted of 83 geriatric subjects and 17 non geriatric subjects, in which the mean number of Candida colony in the geriatric subjects (761.77) was higher than that in the non-geriatric subjects (545.71). The Candida colony most often identified in the geriatric subjects and non-geriatric subjects was C. albicans and C. glabrata, respectively. The Mann Whitney test demonstrated that there was a significant difference (p = 0.009) of the mean number of Candida colony between male and female. However, there was no significant difference of the mean number of Candida colony between ages (p = 0.060) and diabetic status (p=0.175). It can be concluded that the Candida species most commonly identified in all the subjects was Candida albicans with the mean colony number of 349.96, followed by C. glabrata (225.97), C. krusei (144.91), C. tropicalis (3.67), and other species (2.02)

FREEZE-DRIED PLATELET-RICH PLASMA PROMOTES TRIGEMINAL NEUROPATHIC PAIN RELIEF IN A RAT MODEL

Objective: Neuropathic pain and treatment side effects decreasing quality of life, reducing productivity, and high costs due to long duration of treatment. Regenerative medicine is a new and effective alternative treatment for neuropathic pain, one of which is Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy. The objective if this study is to prove that there are differences in neuroregeneration post-crush injury after FD-PRP administration. Materials and Methods: Neuropathic pain model was made with crushing method, by compressing the infraorbital nerve using the artery clamp for 15 seconds. Rats divided into six groups. Each group was observed on day 14 (A, B, C) and 21 (A', B', C') to observe the macrophages, lymphocytes, and Schwann cells with Hematoxylin Eosin staining seen on horizontal plane of the infraorbital nerve with 400x magnification. Face grooming observations were performed on day 0 (A0, B0, C0), day 7 (A7, B7, C7), day 14 (A14, B14, C14), day 21 (A21, B21, C21). Results: There were significant differences in face grooming frequencies between groups on day 0 (p = 0.002). ANOVA Same Subject test on A`, B`, and C` revealed significant differences in macrophages and lymphocytes with score 0.02 (p <0.05) and 0.013 (p<0.05), respectively. There were significant differences between group A' and B' and between B' and C' (p>0.05). Conclusions: FD-PRP promotes nerve regeneration in axonotmesis, which was characterized by a decrease in face grooming frequency on day 7 and an increase in the number of lymphocytes, macrophages and Schwann cells on day 21

Gingival mesenchymal stem cells, concentrated growth factors and silk- fibroin scaffold to alleviate peripheral nerve regeneration: A review

Peripheral nerve injury in the orofacial region often occurs due to dental procedure, trauma, or pathological obstruction. It can lead to loss of sensation and muscle innervation problems which decrease a patient’s quality of life. Some medical approaches to achieve peripheral nerve regeneration such as surgical still have side effects. Tissue engineering approach with combination of Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells (GMSC), Concentrated Growth Factor (CGF) and Silk-Fibroin (SF) scaffold have potential to accelerate peripheral nerve regeneration. Peripheral nerve injury leads to activation of Wallerian degeneration as a complex mechanism that can maintain repair Schwann cell differentiation by induced signaling response. In peripheral nerve regeneration, neuropathic factors are needed to assist nerve cell proliferation and differentiation. However, functional recovery failure often occurs because of insufficient axonal regeneration. Thus, tissue engineering has potential properties to alleviate peripheral nerve generation because GMSC has the ability to differentiate into neuron cells expressed neurogenic-associated markers which are ββ III-tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); CGF is one of growth factors that is able to hasten nerve regeneration by increasing Schwann cells proliferation and neurotrophic factors (NGF and GDNF) to achieve nerve recovery; and SF is a scaffold and nerve conduit that is biocompatible, biodegradable, and not immunogenic. All those components fulfil the principle of triad tissue engineering to alleviate peripheral nerve regeneration. GMSC, CGF and SF scaffold may have promising properties to alleviate peripheral nerve regeneration

Chitosan scaffold, concentrated growth factor and gingival mesenchymal stem cells as the osteoporotic jawbone therapy: A review

Osteoporosis affects the oral and maxillofacial parts which can cause an osteoporotic jawbone (OJB). Osteoporosis therapy can be through both surgical and non-surgical approaches. One of the effective and optimal alternative therapies needed for OJB therapy is, for example, the regenerative therapy. The concept of regenerative therapies involving the triad of tissue engineering such as cells, growth factors and biomaterials can be applied in OJB therapy by combining the injectable chitosan scaffold (ICS) as a biomaterial scaffold, concentrated growth factor (CGF) as a growth factor, and gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) as medicinal signaling cells. The purpose of this review was to describe the future prospect of ICS, CGF, and GMSCs as regenerative osteoporotic jaw bone therapy. ICS is biocompatible and biodegradable and easy to apply. It has the osteoinductive, osteoconductive, and osteotemplate properties. While, GMSCs are chosen compared to other MSCs because they are easily available and proliferate faster than Bone Marrow-derived Stem Cells (BMSC) and Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs).Besides, CGF is picked because, it has more fibrin and growth factors (GF) than Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) and Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP). The combination of ICS, CGF and GMSC has the potential and promising therapy in treating OJB

EKSPRESI KROX20 SETELAH PEMBERIAN FREEZE-DRIED PLATELET RICH PLASMA DALAM NEUROREGENERASI SARAF INFRAORBITALIS Rattus norvegicus YANG MENGALAMI AKSONOTMESIS

Latar Belakang: Orofacial pain (OFP) terjadi pada 49,9% dari penduduk Indonesia. OFP dapat berupa neuropathic pain (NP) yang merupakan nyeri yang diakibatkan oleh lesi atau penyakit pada sistem saraf somatosensori. NP menyebabkan disestesia, hiperalgesia dan penurunan kualitas hidup. Manajemen paliatif NP tidak cukup efisien dan menyebabkan efek samping. Penggunaan Freeze-Dried Platelet-rich Plasma (FD-PRP) berpotensi meningkatkan proses neuroregenerasi dan reinervasi untuk memperbaiki struktur anatomis dan meredakan nyeri. Tujuan: Membuktikan peran FD-PRP dalam neuroregenerasi saraf dengan cedera aksonotmesis melalui marker ekspresi Krox20. Metode: Darah tikus diekstraksi untuk sentrifugasi dan menghasilkan PRP yang kemudian dilakukan liofiliasi. Rattus norvergicus sebanyak 42 ekor dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol negatif, kelompok perlakuan crush injury saraf infraorbitalis tanpa injeksi FD-PRP dan kelompok perlakuan crush injury dengan injeksi FD-PRP. Pada masing-masing kelompok, sebagian sampel diamati pada hari ke-14 dan sisanya diamati pada hari ke-21 setelah cedera. Jaringan saraf infraorbitalis diambil untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan immunohistokimia dengan antibodi Krox20. Analisa data dilakukan dengan uji Mann Whitney. Hasil: Rerata ekspresi Krox20 ditemukan tertinggi pada kelompok P(21). Rerata terendah ditemukan pada kelompok K2(21). Perbedaan signifikan ditemukan pada kelompok K2(21) terhadap P(21) (p=0,002;p<0,05). Kesimpulan: FD-PRP memiliki potensi dalam meningkatkan neuroregenerasi cedera aksonotmesis melalui peningkatan ekspresi Krox20 pada hari ke-21

Potential targets of phytochemical immunomodulatory therapy in periodontitis immunopathogenesis: A narrative review

Introduction: Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent diseases occurring worldwide, and is caused by an imbalance of host immunological defenses and microbiome profile which occurs in the oral cavity. This imbalance leads to irregularity and uncontrolled activities of immune cells, resulting in over-reactivity of periodontopathogens and tissue destruction. To alleviate periodontitis, exact targeting of specific events involving particular cells could be a potential application of immunomodulatory agents. Phytochemical drug development targeting specific immunopathogenesis events could be a promising complementary, alternative approach to periodontal therapy. Objectives: This review aimed to explore various events involving a variety of cells in the immunopathogenesis of periodontitis in order to determine potential specific immunomodulation targets for future development of effective phytochemical drugs. Results: Immunopathogenesis of periodontitis contributes significantly to the disease onset and resolution. Various events occur during the disease development, which involve a variety of immune cells and mediators. Among these, neutrophils, cytokines and lymphocytes, especially Th17 cells, were reported to be the most relevant components in the disease pathogenesis. These components affect the initial responses to periodontopathogens, inhibit oxidative stress formation, control intercellular communication to enhance inflammation, and promote effector cells’ migration to induce alveolar bone resorption. Several phytochemical drugs were developed to cure periodontitis, however, the development of phytochemical immunomodulatory drugs to target specific events has not been realized. Conclusion: This review concluded that development of phytochemical immunomodulatory drugs to target particular events generated by neutrophils, pro-inflammatory cytokines and lymphocytes has tremendous potential to regulate and modulate the immunopathogenesis of periodontitis

Carbonate apatite nanoparticles: A novel nano-adjuvant for oral mucosal vaccines and immunomodulator

Vaccines manufacture and enhancement for preventing infection and promoting quality of life are of great concern worldwide. For vaccine enhancement, to date, only limited adjuvants have been approved globally. One of them is alum, which presents several side effects and limitations. Related to vaccine administration, mucosal vaccination is a promising method since it can induce both mucosal and systemic immunity since oral mucosa is the most exposed site of the body to various microbes, pathogens, and environmental particles. Consequently, an escalated specific local immunity is required in which stability and integrity of an encapsulated antigen is expected to result in a stable mucosal vaccine to protect the antigens from degradative chemical reactions occurring in the oral cavity and act as immunomodulator. Carbonate apatite (CHA) has been one of the most innovative materials as a newly developed vaccine adjuvant since it can adequately enhance drug and protein stability and delivery in various disease therapies. However, CHA fabrication that meets the parameters for adjuvants and immunomodulators remains challenging. In the form of nanoparticles, CHA is reported to enable targeted delivery of dendritic cells (DC), enhance uptakes, cross presentation, and biodistribution, as well as immune responses. Therefore, the development of nano-CHA-encapsulated vaccine antigens is required to enhance oral mucosal vaccinations and their effectiveness to prevent diseases. This study focuses on factors and strategies that affect the designing, fabrication, and testing of CHA nanoparticles for oral mucosal vaccines, especially in the aspect of physicochemical, immunological, cellular, surface chemistry, and biofunctionalization of the nanoparticle

Plant-Derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications and Regenerative Therapy

Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PDENs) comprise various bioactive biomolecules. As an alternative cell-free therapeutic approach, they have the potential to deliver nano-bioactive compounds to the human body, and thus lead to various anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumor benefits. Moreover, it is known that Indonesia is one of the herbal centers of the world, with an abundance of unexplored sources of PDENs. This encouraged further research in biomedical science to develop natural richness in plants as a source for human welfare. This study aims to verify the potential of PDENs for biomedical purposes, especially for regenerative therapy applications, by collecting and analyzing data from the latest relevant research and developments

FREEZE-DRIED PLATELET-RICH PLASMA PROMOTES TRIGEMINAL NEUROPATHIC PAIN RELIEF IN A RAT MODEL

Objective: Neuropathic pain and treatment side effects decreasing quality of life, reducing productivity, and high costs due to long duration of treatment. Regenerative medicine is a new and effective alternative treatment for neuropathic pain, one of which is Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy. The objective if this study is to prove that there are differences in neuroregeneration post-crush injury after FD-PRP administration. Materials and Methods: Neuropathic pain model was made with crushing method, by compressing the infraorbital nerve using the artery clamp for 15 seconds. Rats divided into six groups. Each group was observed on day 14 (A, B, C) and 21 (A', B', C') to observe the macrophages, lymphocytes, and Schwann cells with Hematoxylin Eosin staining seen on horizontal plane of the infraorbital nerve with 400x magnification. Face grooming observations were performed on day 0 (A0, B0, C0), day 7 (A7, B7, C7), day 14 (A14, B14, C14), day 21 (A21, B21, C21). Results: There were significant differences in face grooming frequencies between groups on day 0 (p=0.002). ANOVA Same Subject test on A`, B`, and C` revealed significant differences in macrophages and lymphocytes with score 0.02 (p-<0.05) and 0.013 (p0.05), respectively. There were significant differences between group A' and B' and between B' and C' (p>0.05). Conclusions: FD-PRP promotes nerve regeneration in axonotmesis, which was characterized by a decrease in face grooming frequency on day 7 and an increase in the number of lymphocytes, macrophages and Schwann cells on day 21

Euphorbia hirta nanoextract as a piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler coolant in gingivitis treatment in a Wistar rat model

الملخص: أهداف البحث: يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة تأثير تراكيز مختلفة من مستخلص الفربيون هيرتا النانوي كمبرد قشارة كهرضغطية على شفاء التهاب اللثة في فئران ويستار. طريقة البحث: تم تحضير الأقراص ثنائية الطبقة عن طريق تحسين اللب والغشاء شبه المنفذ. تم تحليل التأثير الإضافي لوقت المعالجة مع حجم وعدد الفتحة على ملف الذوبان للأقراص المعدة. تم استخدام درجتين مختلفتين من أكسيد البولي إيثلين في الطبقة الأساسية وطبقة الدفع كمشكلين للمسام. النتائج: عامل تبريد قشارة بالموجات فوق الصوتية الكهرضغطية مصنوع من مستخلص الفربيون هيرتا النانوي بطريقة التهلم الأيونية. تم إجراء ذلك على 45 من ذكور فئران ويستار البالغة. تم تقسيم الحيوانات إلى خمس مجموعات؛ مجموعة معالجة عامل التبريد بمستخلص الفربيون هيرتا النانوي (تركيزات 25% و30% و35% من الفربيون هيرتا)، ومجموعات السيطرة السلبية، ومجموعات المراقبة الإيجابية. تم استخدام رباط حريري لاحتجاز الحطام والحث على التهاب اللثة في القواطع العلوية للفئران. تم إجراء القياس باستخدام قشارة بالموجات فوق الصوتية الكهرضغطية بعد العلاج المناسب لكل مجموعة. تم جمع البيانات في الأيام 3 و5 و7 و14 و21 بعد العلاج. تم إجراء المراقبة باستخدام أوبتيلاب بقدرة تكبير 400اكس. تم تحليل بيانات تكوين الأوعية الدموية والعدلات من خلال تحليل التباين ثنائي الاتجاه، واختبارات دنكان اللاحقة عند مستوى أهمية 95٪. الاستنتاجات: لقد وجدنا أن مستخلص الفربيون هيرتا النانوي كعامل تبريد بالموجات فوق الصوتية الكهرضغطية يمكن أن يعزز تسريع شفاء التهاب اللثة في فئران ويستار، خاصة عند تركيز 25٪. أظهر تحليل أنوفا ثنائي الاتجاه اختلافا كبيرا في تكوين الأوعية الدموية والعدلات بين المجموعة الضابطة وكل مجموعة علاجية وأظهرت تجربة دنكان اللاحقة اختلافات كبيرة في متوسط عدد العدلات وتولد الأوعية بين المجموعات في الأيام 3،5،7،14، و21. لم تظهر مجموعة العلاج بتركيز مستخلص النانو بنسبة 25% أي اختلاف كبير عن مجموعة التحكم الإيجابية. قدم مستخلص الفربيون هيرتا النانوي كعامل تبريد بالموجات فوق الصوتية الكهرضغطية نتائج علاجية جيدة في تعزيز تأثير الشفاء من التهاب اللثة. من المحتمل أن يعمل مستخلص الفربيون هيرتا النانوي على حل الالتهاب في التهاب اللثة، من خلال التأثير على العدلات وتولد الأوعية. Abstract: Objectives: This research was aimed at investigating the effects of various concentrations of Euphorbia hirta nanoextract as a piezoelectric scaler coolant on gingivitis healing in a Wistar rat model. Methods: A piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler coolant was made from E. hirta nanoextract through ionic gelation. Experiments were conducted in 45 adult male Wistar rats divided into three groups treated with E. hirta nanoextract coolant (25%, 30%, and 35% concentrations), and negative and positive control groups. A silk ligature was used to trap debris and induce gingivitis in the maxillary incisors of the rats. Scaling was conducted with a piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler after the respective treatment for each group. Data were collected on days 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 after treatment. Observations were collected with an Optilab® camera at 400× magnification. Angiogenesis and neutrophil data were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Duncan tests at a 95% significance level. Results: Use of E. hirta nanoextract as a piezoelectric ultrasonic coolant accelerated gingivitis healing in Wistar rats, particularly at a 25% concentration. Two-way ANOVA indicated a significant difference in angiogenesis and neutrophil counts between the control group and each treatment group (p < 0.05). Duncan's post-hoc test showed significant differences in mean neutrophil numbers and angiogenesis among groups on days 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21. The group treated with 25% nanoextract concentration showed no significant differences with respect to the positive control group. Conclusions: Use of E. hirta nanoextract as a piezoelectric ultrasonic coolant had good therapeutic results in promoting gingivitis healing. E. hirta nanoextract may potentially resolve inflammation in gingivitis by modulating neutrophils and angiogenesis